"/OL 'lJX _No. 6 WHOLE _No. 330 �ov /�EC 2020 WW.SPMC.OR<i Fr. 329. 1880 $50 Silver Certificate of Deposit. PCGS Currency About New 53 PPQ. 1231 E. Dyer Road, Suite 100, Santa Ana, CA 92705 • 800.458.4646 470 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10022 • 800.566.2580 Info@StacksBowers.com • StacksBowers.com California • New York • New Hampshire • Okalhoma • Hong Kong • Paris SBG PM Nov2020 HLs 200928 America’s Oldest and Most Accomplished Rare Coin Auctioneer LEGENDARY COLLECTIONS | LEGENDARY RESULTS | A LEGENDARY AUCTION FIRM View All Lots and Bid Online at StacksBowers.com 800.458.4646 West Coast • 800.566.2580 East Coast • Info@StacksBowers.com Featured Highlights from the Newport Beach, California Fr. 282. 1923 $5 Silver Certificate. PCGS Banknote Choice Uncirculated 63. 1 Million Serial Number. Grand Forks, North Dakota. $5 1882 Brown Back. Fr. 472. The Merchants NB. Charter #4812. PCGS Banknote Choice Extremely Fine 45 Details. Rust, Adhesive Residue. Fr. 1700. 1933 $10 Silver Certificate. PMG Gem Uncirculated 65 EPQ. Fr. 2210-Edgs. 1928 $1000 Federal Reserve Note. Richmond. PMG Gem Uncirculated 65 EPQ. Fr. 2404H. 1928 $50 Gold Certificate Star Note. PMG About Uncirculated 55 EPQ. Zanesville, Ohio. $20/$10 1882 Value Back. Fr. 581/577. The Old Citizens NB. Charter #5760. PCGS Banknote Choice Uncirculated 63. Double Denomination Error. Fr. 964. 1914 $20/$10 Federal Reserve Note. Boston. PMG About Uncirculated 50. Dual Denomination Error. Jewell City, Kansas. $5 1882 Brown Back. Fr. 469. The First NB. Charter #3591. PMG Very Fine 30. Fr. 1132-F. 1918 $500 Federal Reserve Note. Atlanta. PCGS Banknote About Uncirculated 55. Stack’s Bowers Galleries November 10-13, 2020 Auction 403 Duplicated National Bank Titles--Peter Huntoon CSA Watermarks--Richard Melamed & Benny Bolin The First National Bank in Utah Territory--Peter Huntoon Mason's Job Office of Rome, Georgia--Charles Derby Small-Town Postal Note Rarities-Kent Halland & Bob Laub Mining Vignettes on Obsolete Notes--Jerry Dzara $1 1918 Out-of-Range Numbered Note Discovery--Peter Huntoon The Vivandiere--Terry Bryan 426 439 389 413 422 441 448 437 Farmes & Merchants NB of Baltimore--J. Fred Maples Paper Money * Nov/Dec 2020 * Whole No. 330 385 Contents continued Columns Advertisers SPMC Hall of Fame The SPMC Hall of Fame recognizes and honors those individuals who  have made a lasting contribution to the society over the span of many years.  Charles Affleck Walter Allan Doug Ball Joseph Boling F.C.C. Boyd Michael Crabb Martin Delger William Donlon Roger Durand C. John Ferreri Milt Friedberg Robert Friedberg Len Glazer Nathan Gold Nathan Goldstein James Haxby John Herzog Gene Hessler John Hickman William Higgins Ruth Hill Peter Huntoon Don Kelly Lyn Knight Chet Krause Allen Mincho Judith Murphy Chuck O’Donnell Roy Pennell Albert Pick Fred Reed Matt Rothert Neil Shafer Austin Sheheen Herb & Martha Schingoethe Hugh Shull Glenn Smedley Raphael Thian Daniel Valentine Louis Van Belkum George Wait D.C. Wismer From Your President Shawn Hewitt 387 Editor Sez Benny Bolin 388 Uncoupled Joseph E. Boling & Fred Schwan 450 Chump Change Loren Gatch 456 Small Notes Jamie Yakes 457 Obsolete Corner Robert Gill 460 Cherry Pickers Corner Robert Calderman 462 Quartermaster Column Michael McNeil 464 New Members Frank Clark 468 Stacks Bowers Galleries IFC Lyn F. Knight 402 Gunther/Derby 411 DBR Currency 411 FCCB 413 Denly's 413 Jim Ehrhardt 420 Vern Potter 420 Kagins 421 Kagins 421 Bob Laub 424 ANA 425 Higgins Museum 436 Fred Bart 454 Whitman 455 PCDA 469 Heritage Auctions OBC Paper Money * Nov/Dec 2020 * Whole No. 330 386 Officers & Appointees ELECTED OFFICERS PRESIDENT Shawn Hewitt shawn@shawnhewitt.com VICE-PRES. Robert Vandevender II rvpaperman@aol.com SECRETARY Robert Calderman gacoins@earthlink.net TREASURER Bob Moon robertmoon@aol.com BOARD OF GOVERNORS Mark Anderson mbamba@aol.com Robert Calderman gacoins@earlthlink.net Gary J. Dobbins g.dobbins@sbcglobal.net Matt Drais Stockpicker12@aol.com Pierre Fricke pierrefricke@buyvintagemoney.com Loren Gatch lgatch@uco.edu Steve Jennings sjennings@jisp.net William Litt Billlitt@aol.com J. Fred Maples maplesf@comcast.net Cody Regennitter cody.regennitter@gmail.com Wendell A. Wolka purduenut@aol.com APPOINTEES PUBLISHER-EDITOR Benny Bolin smcbb@sbcglobal.net ADVERTISING MANAGER Wendell A. Wolka purduenut@aol.com LEGAL COUNSEL Megan Regennitter mreginnitter@iowafirm.com LIBRARIAN Jeff Brueggeman jeff@actioncurrency.com MEMBERSHIP DIRECTOR Frank Clark frank_spmc@yahoo.com IMMEDIATE PAST PRESIDENT Pierre Fricke WISMER BOOK PROJECT COORDINATOR Pierre Fricke From Your President Shawn Hewitt I trust you enjoyed the refreshing changes in our inaugural redesigned edition of Paper Money. As we move forward, I anticipate a continual evolution of the look, as we proceed with our experiment. What you see is the result of a few hundred dollars on new software and many volunteer hours of hard work. Our financially conservative approach to improvements means that it will take a little longer to get where we want to be, so please bear with us. I’ve been reading about how other numismatic organizations are faring through the COVID-19 crisis, and I hadn’t realized how bad it is. Many of them rely on revenue from a sponsored convention for a significant share of their budget, and with these events being cancelled, their finances are directly impacted. You may be wondering how SPMC is doing financially. Our ship is steady. We own no conventions and are therefore not affected by event cancellations to this extent. That being said, it has been on my mind for a while that, for the sake of our long-term health, we need to build a formal giving program. We’ve been blessed with many years of financial support from the National Currency Foundation, a one-time gift from the Eric P. Newman Educational Society, and numerous smaller donations from SPMC members – see https://www.spmc.org/donors-wall). With those funds and our relatively small endowment, we’ve been able to add value to SPMC membership by investing in initiatives like the Obsoletes Database Project and Bank Note History Project. That goes above and beyond the fine research and articles you read in every issue of Paper Money. I’d argue that dollar for dollar, we provide among the best of returns on investment in the hobby. As we approach the end of the year, I’d like to encourage you to make SPMC a regular benefactor of your charitable donations. Speaking of fund raising, the H.G. “Bill” Corbin Silent Auction of Paper Money Journals that was advertised in the previous issue is now closed, and realized a total of $807. Thanks to Gary Dobbins for the logistics, including picking up the journals, storing them, and mailing them out, and to Bob Moon for taking and recording the bids. As we look forward to 2021, we very much hope that we can soon return to attending our favorite numismatic shows and conventions. At the top of the list in January is the Florida United Numismatists (FUN) convention in Orlando. As of now, we’re planning to be there with a couple speakers and a membership meeting. That would be great to be back in the saddle again. From Your President Shawn Hewitt Paper Money * July/August 2020 6 Paper Money * Nov/Dec 2020 * Whole No. 330 387 Terms and Conditions The Society of Paper Money Collectors (SPMC) P.O. Box 7055, Gainesville, GA 30504, publishes PAPER MONEY (USPS 00-3162) every other month beginning in January. Periodical postage is paid at Hanover, PA. Postmaster send address changes to Secretary Robert Calderman, Box 7055, Gainesville, GA 30504. ©Society of Paper Money Collectors, Inc. 2020. All rights reserved. Reproduction of any article in whole or part without written approval is prohibited. Individual copies of this issue of PAPER MONEY are available from the secretary for $8 postpaid. Send changes of address, inquiries concerning non - delivery and requests for additional copies of this issue to the secretary. MANUSCRIPTS Manuscripts not under consideration elsewhere and publications for review should be sent to the editor. Accepted manuscripts will be published as soon as possible, however publication in a specific issue cannot be guaranteed. Opinions expressed by authors do not necessarily reflect those of the SPMC. Manuscripts should be submitted in WORD format via email (smcbb@sbcglobal.net) or by sending memory stick/disk to the editor. Scans should be grayscale or color JPEGs at 300 dpi. Color illustrations may be changed to grayscale at the discretion of the editor. Do not send items of value. Manuscripts are submitted with copyright release of the author to the editor for duplication and printing as needed. ADVERTISING All advertising on space available basis. Copy/correspondence should be sent to editor. All advertising is pay in advance. Ads are on a “good faith” basis. Terms are “Until Forbid.” Ads are Run of Press (ROP) unless accepted on a premium contract basis. Limited premium space/rates available. To keep rates to a minimum, all advertising must be prepaid according to the schedule below. In exceptional cases where special artwork or additional production is required, the advertiser will be notified and billed accordingly. Rates are not commissionable; proofs are not supplied. SPMC does not endorse any company, dealer or auction house. Advertising Deadline: Subject to space availability, copy must be received by the editor no later than the first day of the month preceding the cover date of the issue (i.e. Feb. 1 for the March/April issue). Camera-ready art or electronic ads in pdf format are required. ADVERTISING RATES Space 1 Time 3 Times 6 Times Full color covers $1500 $2600 $4900 B&W covers 500 1400 2500 Full page color 500 1500 3000 Full page B&W 360 1000 1800 Half-page B&W 180 500 900 Quarter-page B&W 90 250 450 Eighth-page B&W 45 125 225 Required file submission format is composite PDF v1.3 (Acrobat 4.0 compatible). If possible, submitted files should conform to ISO 15930-1: 2001 PDF/X-1a file format standard. Non- standard, application, or native file formats are not acceptable. Page size: must conform to specified publication trim size. Page bleed: must extend minimum 1/8” beyond trim for page head, foot, and front. Safety margin: type and other non-bleed content must clear trim by minimum 1/2” Advertising copy shall be restricted to paper currency, allied numismatic material, publications and related accessories. The SPMC does not guarantee advertisements, but accepts copy in good faith, reserving the right to reject objectionable or inappropriate material or edit copy. The SPMC assumes no financial responsibility for typographical errors in ads but agrees to reprint that portion of an ad in which a typographical error occurs. Editor Sez Benny Bolin Wow. We have almost made it through an incredible year, one that has been unprecedented in so many ways, it is hard to imagine. Any of this years events in and of themselves would be truly memorable and it would seem unfathomable that any one, much less all could have happened at the same time. Experiencing a pandemic on the scale of COVID-19 in and of itself was certainly a challenge, especially with the way it redefined "normalcy" and made us think how fortunate we are at times. Having to re-evaluate day-to-day activities and often adopt new ways of doing things was challenging and oft times scary. Couple that with the most contentious election and political times/climates in history has certainly been almost overwhelming. The canceling of shows has been rough for many as buying is many times not the main focus, but the socialization is very important. Here is to our leaders who are actually listening to those who know and doing what is right for the body populous and not for their own careers! This issue brings the reporting the sad news of the passing of Austin Sheheen. He was a great mentor to me and a great friend. I always enjoyed seeing him at IPMS with that ever-present smile. He was gracious and patient with me and my never-ending questioning about South Carolina obsoletes and related paper. Two of my favorite memories are of him allowing me to purchase a large number of vignettes pictured on SC obsoletes and seeing my name in the acknowledgments section of his revised book on SC notes. He will be truly missed and I extend his family not only my condolences but those of the entire SPMC and hobby as a whole. Unfortunately, this issue is a bit late, but not as late as the last one. I hope you are liking the new layout and refinements we have made, but they are challenging to my computer savvy. I hope to be able to get back on a schedule that allows you getting the magazine earlier than these last two. I want to wish you all a happy and safe holiday season and hope to see you at a show again soon! Benny Paper Money * Nov/Dec 2020 * Whole No. 330 388 In Memoriam Austin Moses Sheheen, Jr. September 11, 1934 - August 29, 2020, It is truly sad that we announce the passing of one of the SPMC’s stalwarts and giants, Austin Sheheen. He was inducted into the SPMC Hall of Fame in 2019 and served the Society well. He was SPMC member #2207 and Life Member #122. He served the Society as President from 1991-1993; vice-president 1989-1991 and governor from 1988-1992. He published South Carolina Obsolete Notes in 1960 and did a major revision South Carolina Obsolete Notes and Scrip in 2003. We will all certainly miss that every present smile, his knowledge and his friendship. As a fixture at the IPMS, Austin was always anxious to help collectors out and to share his wealth of knowledge. Besides his work with the SPMC, Austin was active in the ANA, serving as treasurer and in 1983 was awarded the Medal of Merit. He was also named a Numismatic Ambassador in 1988. Austin was the owner and publisher of Bank Note Reporter, taking over from Grover Criswell in the late ‘70s until he sold it to Chet Krause. He also served as President of the South Carolina Numismatic Association in 1975. He collected paper money for over 70 years, focusing on notes from South Carolina. A stalwart at IPMS and many other shows, he was always at a table in a row with Don Fisher, Hugh Shull and Tom Denly until he shared a table with his daughter Amanda. It was always entertaining to walk past that row as the laughs and smiles were ever present. He was a great friend and share more than anyone can know of his South Carolina stock/bond and obsolete currency knowledge. It was always a privilege just getting to sit and talk with him at shows. He could always be counted on to give me information for my exhibits and articles and it seemed he never had to look any of it up in a reference book—he was the reference book. Pierre Fricke writes--Austin was a great leader and inspiration for our hobby and for me personally! When I knew he was attending a show, I would make a point to go visit and catch up with him on his projects, the hobby in general and his family and work. He was always helpful, open and shared his knowledge freely. I only hope to carry on his tradition and work to do so.” From Frank Clark--A true gentleman. William Litt—What a huge loss. Austin was a leader in numismatics, very generous with his time, and an extraordinarily nice man. Mark Anderson—Such a gracious guy. What a loss for us all. Robert Calderman—I can picture his smile! Said to hear of Mr. Sheheen’s passing. I’m glad to have met him. Austin—we will surely miss you!! Paper Money * Nov/Dec 2020 * Whole No. 330 389 Duplicated National Bank Titles Purpose A total of 172 banks operating during the national bank note era utilized bank names, towns and states that were exactly duplicated from earlier banks. The purposes of this article are to list and classify all of them, and to explain how they came about. Of the new banks with the same title, 127 had corporate succession or ownership ties to the earlier bank, whereas 45 appear to have had no relationship whatsoever. The use of the duplicate title was not used on notes for Gainesville, TX (6292) and Delaware, OH (13535). The organization process was not completed for Rutland, VT (2537). Problems Posed by Duplicated Titles The reuse of bank titles—name of the bank plus name of the town—generally was avoided by the Comptroller of the Currency’s office in order to eliminate confusion between the businesses of defunct and current banks and, as a practical matter, to avoid sorting problems as worn notes were redeemed from circulation. Errors in sorting and accounting for redeemed notes from different banks with the same title The Paper Column Peter Huntoon The Paper Column Peter Huntoon Figure 1. Duplicated bank titles on Series of 1902 proofs for charters 8126 and 9963. Charter 8126 was liquidated in order to organize the First State Bank, Eldorado, to take advantage of Oklahoma’s deposit guarantee program. When that didn’t work out, the bankers organized a new national bank under charter 9963 and were allowed to reuse their old title. Notice every detail in the title block is identical between the two except the plate date and Treasurer’s signature. National Numismatic Collection, Smithsonian Institution, photos. Paper Money * Nov/Dec 2020 * Whole No. 330 390 was a systemic problem that continually plagued the Treasury, a difficulty that was exacerbated when the two banks issued from the same series of notes (Lofthus and Huntoon, 2011). Banks with Duplicated Titles Table 1 is a classification of the duplicates by cause. Table 2 is a list of the duplicated titles along with an explanation of how the duplicates came about. The discussion that follows explains the classifications and fleshes out some nuances involved. Group A: Act of 1863 banks facing forced corporate expirations that liquidated and reorganized as new banks The Act of July 12, 1882, which provided for the first 20-year extension of corporate life for national banks, was not passed in time to save many banks organized under the Act of February 25, 1863. The impacted banks were those with initial corporate lives of less than 20 years. The corporate existence of 21 of them simply expired before July 12, 1882, and they had to liquidate. The only option for the bankers caught in this bind was to organize a new bank with a new charter number. The reorganization was undertaken under the terms of the Act of June 3, 1864. Seventeen of the 21 banks forced into liquidation were reorganized. Another 60 banks were voluntarily liquidated before their charters actually expired and were succeeded by new banks (Ridgely, 1901, p. xxiv). The big question was whether the successor banks could use the same titles as the banks they replaced. Comptroller Knox requested an opinion from Attorney General Benjamin Harris Brewster on the issue, and his reply, dated February 23, 1882, legitimized the reuse of the old titles: The present national banking laws do not forbid the stockholders of an expiring corporation from organizing a new banking association, nor from assuming the name of the old corporation, with the approval of the Comptroller of the Currency, and, in the absence of any prohibition to that effect, no legal obstacle to the formation of a new association by such stockholders, and the adoption of the name of the old association, would, in my opinion, exist (Knox, 1882, p. x). Fifty-three banks were reorganized under new charter numbers with their original titles as a result. They comprise the largest group on Table 2. One example was The First National Bank of Philadelphia, Table 1. Classification of the circumstances that culminated in the exact duplication of the bank name, town and state on national bank notes from different banks. Group Population Banks with shared ownership or ownership linkage A Act of 1863 banks facing forced corporate expirations that liquidated and reorganized as new banks 53 B Banks that were liquidated and replaced by new banks by essentially the same owners for reasons other than forced corporate expirations 21 C Banks that were liquidated in order to convert into state banks, then later nationalized 35 D Banks that underwent mergers whereby a title of the liquidating entity was adopted by a survivor at the time of the merger or later 16 E Exotic occurrences 2 Banks with no apparent ownership or corporate linkage F Banks that were liquidated and followed by new banks 37 G Banks that failed and were followed by new banks 6 H Banks that moved to a new town that were followed by a new bank in the former town 2 Paper Money * Nov/Dec 2020 * Whole No. 330 391 charter 1, a 19-year bank that expired on June 10, 1882. It was reorganized under the same title, but new charter number 2731. The new bank carried an organization date of June 10, 1882, the same day that charter 1 was liquidated. In time, the bankers felt cheated of their prestigious low charter numbers and agitated for reinstatement of them. The Comptroller’s office established a procedure in 1902 whereby the bankers could petition for such reinstatement and the early numbers were reinstated to 28 of the banks listed on Table 2. Group B: Banks that were liquidated and replaced by new banks by essentially the same owners for reasons other than forced corporate expirations The option of liquidating a bank and reorganizing under a new charter was always open to its owners. Often this option was seriously considered when the bank came up for extension, but could be exercised at any time if shareholders owning 2/3rds of the stock voted to do so. Pratt (1910, p. 283) laid out the incentives to reorganize in gentlemanly terms when considering whether to extend or reorganize; however, this same logic could apply at any time. It may, however, be deemed best by those principally interested in the National bank about to expire if owning the controlling stock not to avail themselves of [extension]. There are obvious reasons for this. For example; In a twenty years’ life the personnel of the stockholder of an association undergoes great changes. The stock which was originally in the hands of active resident business men, who brought custom Figure 2. Charter 57 was liquidated June 30, 1882, before the Act of July 12, 1882 was passed allowing for extensions. The bankers organized a new bank the same day, which was awarded charter 2714, that used the same title in accord with Attorney General Brewster’s opinion that nothing in national bank legislation prevented the reuse of titles. Bob Liddell and National Numismatic Collection, Smithsonian Institution, photos. Paper Money * Nov/Dec 2020 * Whole No. 330 392 and business to the bank, by various vicissitudes falls into the possession of widows, heirs, and non- residents, whose only interest in the institution is to draw dividends. The active stockholders remaining in such associations will doubtless prefer in many instances to let the old association expire, and, with their proportion of the capital, joining with themselves other new capitalists such as they many think will add strength form a new association to occupy the place vacated by the one which has expired. There was nothing in the law to prevent the reuse of the same title for the new bank until 1882. However, an obscure provision buried in Section 5 of the Act of July 12, 1882 offered up the following for bankers preferring to liquidate and reuse their old title for their new bank. That in the organization of any banking association intended to replace any existing banking association, and retaining the name thereof, the holders of stock in the expiring association shall be entitled to preference in the allotment of the shares of the new association in proportion to the number of shares held by them respectively in the expiring association. Group C: Banks that were liquidated in order to convert into state banks, then later nationalized There were numerous instances where bankers liquidated their bank to reorganize under a state charter, which often resulted in less regulation or other advantageous. In some of these cases, the bankers decided to rejoin the national banking system and applied for a new national charter. The Comptrollers allowed the new national bank to retain the exact title of the earlier bank if the bankers wished to do so during the period 1882 through 1914. Figure 3. This is another Oklahoma case where the bankers liquidated their bank (charter 6061) in 1909 to reorganize under a state charter to take advantage of the state deposit guarantee law. They left the state system in 1910 to rejoin the national system with a second bank with the same title (charter 9801). In this instance, the issuances bridged the 1882 and 1902 series. National Numismatic Collection, Smithsonian Institution, photos. Paper Money * Nov/Dec 2020 * Whole No. 330 393 A Populist movement that gained traction within the heartland state banking systems was that of guaranteeing bank deposits through various mandatory or voluntary insurance structures. Eight states enacted some form of deposit guarantee legislation between 1907 and 1917; specifically, Kansas, Mississippi, Nebraska, North Dakota, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Texas and Washington (Walton, 2002). These programs proved to be unsustainable so the last of them was rendered inoperative by the end of 1930. The Oklahoma deposit guarantee system greatly impacted the discussion at hand, which was enacted on December 17, 1907 shortly after Oklahoma was granted statehood. Numerous Oklahoma bankers relinquished their national charters between 1908 and 1910 in favor of joining the state bank system in order to take advantage of the guarantee program. That program didn’t serve them well so many dropped their state charters and reapplied for national charters before the program became inoperative in 1921 and was repealed in 1923. Twenty-three such banks that returned to the national banking system between 1909 and 1913 utilized their original title. This block comprises two-thirds of the Group C listings. Similar mass defections from the national banking system occurred in the other guarantee states, but they left no mark on Table 2 with the possible exception of The Commercial National Bank of Sherman, Texas, charter 10607. Group D: Banks that underwent mergers whereby a title of the liquidating entity was adopted by a survivor at the time of the merger or later Of all the groups, Group D is the most interesting and the logic for including some of the members within it is the most convoluted. The overriding objective at the Comptroller’s office was to allow a given title to pass through a merger if there was any logical thread that could justify it. The typical case involved some variation on the following theme. In a merger, one of the banks was liquidated so its charter number and title vanished. However, the bankers in the surviving entity often wished to use the lost title. They were allowed to do so by applying for a title change either at the time of the merger or at some future date. Thus, the title survived but it was thereafter associated with the charter number of the surviving bank. It took a Philadelphia lawyer to come up with the machinations behind the duplication of titles for Cincinnati, Ohio 20/2798 and Nashville, Tennessee 150/1669. I’ll leave it to you to navigate your way through those puzzles. The Cincinnati case required an act of Congress to get the job done! Figure 4. The Second National Bank of Pittsburgh title was used twice. Charter 252 employed it between 1864 and 1913 followed by charter 776 from 1930 forward. Bob Liddell photos. Paper Money * Nov/Dec 2020 * Whole No. 330 394 Group E: Exotics When you attempt to categorize things, invariably you end up with items that just don’t fit your scheme. Either your scheme is fatally flawed or for some reason you have been thrown curves to test your patience. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 252/776 and Rutland, Vermont 2537/2950 are cases that just don’t fit into any of the groups laid out here. The Rutland case is almost a throwaway. The same people organized both banks, but they never completed the organization of the first. Even so, a plate was made for the first with The Clement National Bank title, but the plate was never used. The Pittsburgh case is a bit involved. The Second National Bank of Pittsburgh (252) was chartered in 1864. It and The First National Bank of Pittsburgh (charter 2745—the reorganized successor to charter 48) merged under charter 252 and became The First-Second National Bank of Pittsburgh in 1913. The bank was renamed First National Bank at Pittsburgh in 1918. The Second National Bank of Allegheny (776), organized in 1865, was annexed by Pittsburgh so the Comptroller of the Currency changed its title to The Second National Bank of Allegheny, Pittsburgh, in 1917. The bankers then went on to formally change their title to The Second National Bank of Pittsburgh in May of 1930. Consequently, the title “The Second National Bank of Pittsburgh” was used twice. It was used between 1864 and 1913 by charter 252 and from 1930 forward by charter 776. The finale to this tale is that First National Bank at Pittsburgh (252) absorbed The Second National Bank of Pittsburgh (776) in 1931! Group F: Banks that were liquidated and followed by new banks Thirty-seven titles are listed as belonging to Group F on Table 2. These are pairs of seemingly unrelated banks wherein one liquidated years before the second was organized, yet the second was allowed to reuse the title of the first or eventually change its title to that of the first. Most of the new banks were organized before the turn of the century, but some as late as 1933. Membership in this group is not readily explained because in general the Comptroller’s office avoided the reuse of defunct titles unless there was some shared ownership or corporate linage between the two. Could it be that the policy to avoid the reuse of defunct titles was laxly enforced during certain eras? There are only 37 in this group out of 14,320 banks of concern to us. I will guess with you. There is the possibility that a few banks are misplaced within this group. One issue that plagued this compilation is that the recording of predecessor and successor banks is spotty in the Federal records. Also the reporting of such information was voluntary on the part of the bankers. It wouldn’t surprise me to find that some of the banks in Group F should be moved to Group C or possibly one of the other groups when more information is found. Group G: Banks that failed and were followed by new banks There are only six titles in this group. Everything pertaining to the Group F banks applies to these six as well. Group H: Banks that moved to a new town that were followed by a new bank in the former town This group of two banks doesn’t cause as much heartburn as those in Groups F and G. Here the bankers abandoned a town and eventually a new association was formed to replace their bank. At least the first bank didn’t fail. Allowing the second bank to use the original title of the first probably was an ad hoc call on the part of the Comptroller’s office. Avoiding Duplicate Titles There were many hundreds of cases where bankers tweaked their titles to avoid duplicating titles that had been used previously in their town. These alterations gave rise to titles where “of” was simply omitted or the prepositions “at” or “in” were substituted. Also, the article “The” was added or dropped. These minor changes came in a flood after Roosevelt’s bank holiday in 1933 when weak banks were swept out of the system and replaced by reorganized successors that were sound Paper Money * Nov/Dec 2020 * Whole No. 330 395 enough to be licensed to operate under the terms of the Emergency Banking legislation that was passed then. Duplicate Titles Used by the Same Bank There are 10 cases across the country where a given bank reused an identical title twice on its own national bank note issues. This situation arose when three or more titles were employed over the life of the bank so one or two intermediate titles separated the duplicated title. That is another interesting and highly technical story. Suffice it to say that the following banks were involved: Alabama (4250), Connecticut (335), District of Columbia (1069), Illinois (3296), Massachusetts (643), New York (11768, 13006), Pennsylvania (2864, 6645) and Texas (4248). Perspectives The entries on Table 2 are arranged by group and next in order of the charter numbers of the second bank within each group. This arrangement places the chartering of the second banks in chronological order within each group, which allows the systematics associated with these duplicated titles to come though. Pairing notes with identical titles but different charter numbers makes for an interesting but difficult pursuit. Of the possibilities, most uses of the first titles terminated before 1920, an era for which survival was dismal. Excellent examples are the 23 Group C Oklahoma banks that supplanted banks with the same title before mid-1914 or earlier. Only a handful of notes have been reported from all of the earlier banks, with most being unreported. The Group A banks offer serious challenges. These are the Act of 1863 banks that liquidated in 1882 or earlier prior to passage of the Act of July 12, 1882, which provided for extensions. Their reorganized successors carry charter numbers in the 2493 to 2875 range. Notes from the predecessor banks are uniformly rare or unreported. Especially interesting are the 28 Group A banks wherein the officers in the reorganized successor bank were able to retrieve the use of their prestigious original charter number. It is possible to assemble a set of three consisting of a note from the original bank and two notes from the successor, the earlier with a 2000 charter number and the later with the reassigned original number. Finding notes bearing the middle 2000 charter numbers for such sets is notoriously difficult. References Cited Knox, John Jay, 1882, Report of the Comptroller of the Currency: U. S. Government Printing Office, 785 p. Lofthus, Lee, and Peter Huntoon, Sep-Oct 2011, The “Out in 1910” national bank note trap: Paper Money, v. 50, p. 337-345. Pratt, A. S., & Sons, 1910, Pratts’ digest of National Bank Laws: A. S. Pratt & Sons, Washington, D. C, 421 p. Ridgely, William B., Report of the Comptroller of the Currency: U. S. Government Printing Office, 818 p. United States Statutes, July 12, 1882, An act to enable national-banking associations to extend their corporate existence, and for other purposes: U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC. Walton, Gerome, Mar-Apr 2002, Impact of Nebraska’s bank deposit guaranty law of 1909-30: Paper Money, v. 41, p. 75-92. Figure 5. Charter 3082 failed in 1887. Other bankers organized 10670 in 1914. National Numismatic Collection, Smithsonian Institution, photos. Paper Money * Nov/Dec 2020 * Whole No. 330 396 Ta b le 2 . P ai rs o f n at io n al b an ks c h a rt er ed d u ri n g th e n o te -i ss u in g er a th at u se d id en ti ca l b an k n am es , t o w n s an d s ta te s. Se e T ab le 1 f o r th e d e fi n it io n o f th e G ro u p s. 1s t 2n d St at e To w n B an k N am e G ro u p Ex p la n at o n f o r D u p li ca ti o n 34 24 93 N Y R o n d o u t Th e F ir st N at io n al B an k o f A 34 A ct o f 18 63 b an k li q u id at e d O ct 3 0, 1 88 0; r e o rg an iz e d a s 24 93 O ct 1 5, 1 88 0 14 5 25 08 IN H u n ti n gt o n T h e F ir st N at io n al B an k o f A 14 5 A ct o f 18 63 b an k li q u id at e d J an 3 1, 1 88 1; r e o rg an iz e d a s 25 08 F e b 2 , 1 88 1 55 25 56 IN In d ia n ap o li s T h e F ir st N at io n al B an k o f A 55 A ct o f 18 63 b an k li q u id at e d J u l 5 , 1 88 1; r e o rg an iz e d a s 25 56 J u l 7 , 1 88 1 43 4 26 07 M I P o n ti ac Th e F ir st N at io n al B an k o f A 43 4 A ct o f 18 63 b an k li q u id at e d D e c 31 , 1 88 1; r e o rg an iz e d a s 26 07 N o v 28 , 1 88 1 39 8 26 56 IA W as h in gt o n T h e F ir st N at io n al B an k o f A 39 8 A ct o f 18 63 b an k li q u id at e d A p r 11 , 1 88 2; r e o rg an iz e d a s 25 65 M ar 1 3, 1 88 2 32 26 64 O H C in ci n n at i Th e S e co n d N at io n al B an k o f A 32 A ct o f 18 63 b an k li q u id at e d A p r 28 , 1 88 2; r e o rg an iz e d a s 26 64 A p r 17 , 1 88 2; c h ar te r 32 r e as si gn e d t o 2 66 4 O ct 3 1, 1 91 2 62 26 68 N Y N e w Y o rk Th e S e co n d N B o f th e C it y o f A 62 A ct o f 18 63 b an k li q u id at e d A p r 28 , 1 88 2; r e o rg an iz e d a s 26 68 A p r 14 , 1 88 2; c h ar te r 62 r e as si gn e d t o 2 66 8 Ju l 1 3, 1 91 1 8 26 70 IL C h ic ag o Th e F ir st N at io n al B an k o f A 8 A ct o f 18 63 b an k li q u id at e d A p r 29 , 1 88 2; r e o rg an iz e d a s 26 70 A p r 25 , 1 88 2; c h ar te r 8 re as si gn e d t o 2 67 0 M ay 2 4, 1 91 1 19 26 72 N H P o rt sm o u th T h e F ir st N at io n al B an k o f A 19 A ct o f 18 63 b an k li q u id at e d A p r 29 , 1 88 2; r e o rg an iz e d a s 26 72 M ar 2 , 1 88 2; c h ar te r 19 r e as si gn e d t o 2 67 2 Ju n 8 , 1 91 0 37 2 26 75 IL W o o d st o ck Th e F ir st N at io n al B an k o f A 37 2 A ct o f 18 63 b an k li q u id at e d A p r 30 , 1 88 2; r e o rg an iz e d a s 26 75 A p r 5, 1 88 2 17 26 80 IN R ic h m o n d T h e F ir st N at io n al B an k o f A 17 A ct o f 18 63 b an k li q u id at e d M ay 5 , 1 88 2; r e o rg an iz e d a s 26 80 A p r 15 , 1 88 2; c h ar te r 17 r e as si gn e d t o 2 68 0 M ay 3 1, 1 91 0 2 26 82 C T N e w H av e n Th e F ir st N at io n al B an k o f A 2 A ct o f 18 63 b an k li q u id at e d M ay 6 , 1 88 2; r e o rg an iz e d a s 26 82 A p r 10 , 1 88 2; c h ar te r 2 re as si gn e d t o 2 68 2 M ar 1 9, 1 90 9 96 26 85 M A B ar re Th e F ir st N at io n al B an k o f A 96 A ct o f 18 63 b an k li q u id at e d M ay 9 , 1 88 2; r e o rg an iz e d a s 26 85 A p r 25 , 1 88 2 41 26 87 IN K e n d al lv il le T h e F ir st N at io n al B an k o f A 41 A ct o f 18 63 b an k li q u id at e d M ay 1 2, 1 88 2; r e o rg an iz e d a s 26 87 M ay 1 , 1 88 2 7 26 90 O H C le ve la n d T h e F ir st N at io n al B an k o f A 7 A ct o f 18 63 b an k li q u id at e d M ay 1 3, 1 88 2; r e o rg an iz e d a s 26 90 A p r 12 , 1 88 2; c h ar te r 7 re as si gn e d t o 2 69 0 M ay 1 6, 1 91 0 43 26 91 O H Sa le m Th e F ir st N at io n al B an k o f A 43 A ct o f 18 63 b an k li q u id at e d M ay 1 5, 1 88 2; r e o rg an iz e d a s 26 91 A p r 10 , 1 88 2; c h ar te r 43 r e as si gn e d t o 2 69 1 Se p 1 2, 1 91 0 28 26 92 IN Ev an sv il le Th e F ir st N at io n al B an k o f A 28 A ct o f 18 63 b an k li q u id at e d M ay 1 5, 1 88 2; r e o rg an iz e d a s 26 92 A p r 19 , 1 88 2 3 26 93 O H Yo u n gs to w n T h e F ir st N at io n al B an k o f A 3 A ct o f 18 63 b an k li q u id at e d M ay 1 5, 1 88 2; r e o rg an iz e d a s 26 93 A p r 4, 1 88 2; c h ar te r 3 re as si gn e d t o 2 69 3 A p r 6, 1 90 9 15 26 95 IA D av e n p o rt T h e F ir st N at io n al B an k o f A 15 A ct o f 18 63 b an k li q u id at e d M ay 9 , 1 88 2; r e o rg an iz e d a s 26 95 M ay 1 , 1 88 2; c h ar te r 15 r e as si gn e d t o 2 69 5 M ay 2 2, 1 91 1 37 26 96 IN C e n tr e vi ll e Th e F ir st N at io n al B an k o f A 37 A ct o f 18 63 b an k li q u id at e d M ay 1 8, 1 88 2; r e o rg an iz e d a s 26 96 A p r 26 , 1 88 2 77 26 97 P A Sc ra n to n Th e F ir st N at io n al B an k o f A 77 A ct o f 18 63 b an k li q u id at e d M ay 1 8, 1 88 2; r e o rg an iz e d a s 26 97 M ay 5 , 1 88 2; c h ar te r 77 r e as si gn e d t o 2 69 7 O ct 1 9, 1 91 1 27 26 98 O H A kr o n Th e F ir st N at io n al B an k o f A 27 A ct o f 18 63 b an k li q u id at e d M ay 2 , 1 88 2; r e o rg an iz e d a s 26 98 M ay 1 1, 1 88 2 79 26 99 M A W o rc e st e r Th e F ir st N at io n al B an k o f A 79 A ct o f 18 63 b an k li q u id at e d M ay 4 , 1 88 2; r e o rg an iz e d a s 26 99 A p r 26 , 1 88 2 42 27 00 P A St ra sb u rg Th e F ir st N at io n al B an k o f A 42 A ct o f 18 63 b an k li q u id at e d M ay 2 2, 1 88 2; r e o rg an iz e d a s 27 00 M ay 8 , 1 88 2; c h ar te r 42 r e as si gn e d t o 2 70 0 M ay 2 0, 1 91 1 11 27 01 IN Fo rt W ay n e T h e F ir st N at io n al B an k o f A 11 A ct o f 18 63 b an k li q u id at e d M ay 2 2, 1 88 2; r e o rg an iz e d a s 27 01 M ay 6 , 1 88 2; c h ar te r 11 r e as si gn e d t o 2 70 1 Ju n 1 4, 1 91 0 5 27 03 O H Fr e m o n t Th e F ir st N at io n al B an k o f A 5 A ct o f 18 63 b an k li q u id at e d M ay 2 2, 1 88 2; r e o rg an iz e d a s 27 03 M ay 1 3, 1 88 2; c h ar te r 5 re as si gn e d t o 2 70 3 Fe b 2 3, 1 91 0 97 27 07 M I D e tr o it Th e F ir st N at io n al B an k o f A 97 A ct o f 18 63 b an k li q u id at e d J u n 1 7, 1 88 2; r e o rg an iz e d a s 27 07 F e b 1 , 1 88 2 25 27 10 P A M ar ie tt a Th e F ir st N at io n al B an k o f A 25 A ct o f 18 63 b an k li q u id at e d M ay 2 7, 1 88 2; r e o rg an iz e d a s 27 10 M ay 2 4, 1 88 2; c h ar te r 25 r e as si gn e d t o 2 71 0 Ju n 2 , 1 91 1 46 27 12 O H M cC o n n e ls vi ll e Th e F ir st N at io n al B an k o f A 46 A ct o f 18 63 b an k li q u id at e d M ay 3 1, 1 88 2; r e o rg an iz e d a s 27 12 A p r 12 , 1 88 2; c h ar te r 46 r e as si gn e d t o 2 71 2 Ju n 8 , 1 91 1 22 27 14 M I A n n A rb o r Th e F ir st N at io n al B an k o f A 22 A ct o f 18 63 b an k li q u id at e d J u n 1 , 1 88 2; r e o rg an iz e d a s 27 14 M ay 6 , 1 88 2 64 27 15 W I M il w au ke e Th e F ir st N at io n al B an k o f A 64 A ct o f 18 63 b an k li q u id at e d M ay 3 1, 1 88 2; r e o rg an iz e d a s 27 15 A p r 24 , 1 88 2; c h ar te r 64 r e as si gn e d t o 2 71 5 M ay 3 1, 1 91 1 40 27 16 O H A kr o n Th e S e co n d N at io n al B an k o f A 40 A ct o f 18 63 b an k li q u id at e d M ay 3 1, 1 88 2; r e o rg an iz e d a s 27 16 M ay 2 2, 1 88 2 15 3 27 19 O H G e n e va Th e F ir st N at io n al B an k o f A 15 3 A ct o f 18 63 b an k li q u id at e d J u n 1 , 1 88 2; r e o rg an iz e d a s 27 19 M ay 2 , 1 88 2; c h ar te r 15 3 re as si gn e d t o 2 71 9 A p r 11 , 1 91 7 59 27 27 O H Tr o y Th e F ir st N at io n al B an k o f A 59 A ct o f 18 63 b an k li q u id at e d J u n 1 0, 1 88 2; r e o rg an iz e d a s 27 27 M ay 5 , 1 88 2; c h ar te r 59 r e as si gn e d t o 2 72 7 A p r 30 , 1 90 9 20 27 30 O H C in ci n n at i Th e T h ir d N at io n al B an k o f A 20 A ct o f 18 63 b an k li q u id at e d J u n 1 4, 1 88 2; r e o rg an iz e d a s 27 30 S e p 2 8, 1 88 2 1 27 31 P A P h il ad e lp h ia Th e F ir st N at io n al B an k o f A 1 A ct o f 18 63 b an k li q u id at e d J u n 1 0, 1 88 2; r e o rg an iz e d a s 27 31 J u n 1 0, 1 88 2; c h ar te r 1 re as si gn e d t o 2 73 1 Ju n 1 , 1 90 2 66 27 33 IA Ly o n s Th e F ir st N at io n al B an k o f A 66 A ct o f 18 63 b an k li q u id at e d J u n 1 5, 1 88 2; r e o rg an iz e d a s 27 33 J u n 7 , 1 88 2; c h ar te r 66 r e as si gn e d t o 2 73 3 A u g 8, 1 91 1 70 27 34 IN C am b ri d ge C it y Th e F ir st N at io n al B an k o f A 70 A ct o f 18 63 b an k li q u id at e d J u n 2 9, 1 88 2; r e o rg an iz e d a s 27 34 M ay 1 1, 1 88 2; c h ar te r 70 r e as si gn e d t o 2 73 4 Ju n 1 2, 1 91 3 30 27 36 P A W il ke s B ar re Th e F ir st N at io n al B an k o f A 30 A ct o f 18 63 b an k li q u id at e d J u n 2 0, 1 88 2; r e o rg an iz e d a s 27 36 J u n 1 9, 1 88 2; c h ar te r 30 r e as si gn e d t o 2 73 6 M ay 3 1, 1 91 1 18 27 38 IA Io w a C it y Th e F ir st N at io n al B an k o f A 18 A ct o f 18 63 b an k li q u id at e d J u n 2 4, 1 88 2; r e o rg an iz e d a s 27 38 J u n 1 2, 1 88 2; c h ar te r 18 r e as si gn e d t o 2 73 8 D e c 2, 1 91 1 51 27 39 P A Jo h n st o w n T h e F ir st N at io n al B an k o f A 51 A ct o f 18 63 b an k li q u id at e d J u n 2 4, 1 88 2; r e o rg an iz e d a s 27 39 J u n 1 5, 1 88 2; c h ar te r 51 r e as si gn e d t o 2 73 9 Ju n 2 , 1 91 1 Paper Money * Nov/Dec 2020 * Whole No. 330 397 Ta b le 2 , c o n ti n u ed . 1s t 2n d St at e To w n B an k N am e G ro u p Ex p la n at o n f o r D u p li ca ti o n 84 27 41 N H N as h u a Th e F ir st N at io n al B an k o f A 84 A ct o f 18 63 b an k li q u id at e d J u n 2 4, 1 88 2; r e o rg an iz e d a s 27 41 J u n 1 9, 1 88 2 47 27 42 IN Te rr e H au te T h e F ir st N at io n al B an k o f A 47 A ct o f 18 63 b an k li q u id at e d J u n 1 5, 1 88 2; r e o rg an iz e d a s 27 42 J u n 1 3, 1 88 2; c h ar te r 47 r e as si gn e d t o 2 74 2 M ay 2 0, 1 91 1 61 27 43 M E B at h Th e F ir st N at io n al B an k o f A 61 A ct o f 18 63 b an k li q u id at e d J u n e 3 0, 1 88 2; r e o rg an iz e d a s 27 43 J u n 1 6, 1 88 2 57 27 44 P A H o ll id ay sb u rg T h e F ir st N at io n al B an k o f A 57 A ct o f 18 63 b an k li q u id at e d J u n 3 0, 1 88 2; r e o rg an iz e d a s 27 44 M ay 1 5, 1 88 2 48 27 45 P A P it ts b u rg h T h e F ir st N at io n al B an k o f A 48 A ct o f 18 63 b an k li q u id at e d J u n 2 9, 1 88 2; r e o rg an iz e d a s 27 45 J u n 1 7, 1 88 2; c h ar te r 48 r e as si gn e d t o 2 74 5 Ju n 1 7, 1 90 2 83 27 48 W I Ja n e sv il le Th e F ir st N at io n al B an k o f A 83 A ct o f 18 63 b an k li q u id at e d J u n 3 0, 1 88 2; r e o rg an iz e d a s 27 48 M ay 2 3, 1 88 2 85 27 51 IL M o n m o u th T h e F ir st N at io n al B an k o f A 85 A ct o f 18 63 b an k li q u id at e d J u l 4 , 1 88 2; r e o rg an iz e d a s 27 51 J u n 2 6, 1 88 2 11 7 27 53 IA M ar io n Th e F ir st N at io n al B an k o f A 11 7 A ct o f 18 63 b an k li q u id at e d J u l 1 1, 1 88 2; r e o rg an iz e d a s 27 53 J u n 3 0, 1 88 2; c h ar te r 11 7 re as si gn e d t o 2 75 3 M ay 2 7, 1 91 1 15 8 27 70 M A M ar lb o ro Th e F ir st N at io n al B an k o f A 15 8 A ct o f 18 63 b an k li q u id at e d A u g 3, 1 88 2; r e o rg an iz e d a s 27 70 A u g 23 , 1 88 2 41 0 28 53 M I B ay C it y Th e F ir st N at io n al B an k o f A 41 0 A ct o f 18 63 b an k li q u id at e d N o v 8, 1 88 2; r e o rg an iz e d a s 28 53 B ay N B D e c 4, 1 88 2; 2 85 3 ti tl e c h an ge d t o F N B A p r 28 , 1 89 1 46 4 28 66 O H W e ll in gt o n T h e F ir st N at io n al B an k o f A 46 4 A ct o f 18 63 b an k li q u id at e d D e c 12 , 1 88 2; r e o rg an iz e d a s 28 66 J an 8 , 1 88 3 31 9 28 75 IL Fr e e p o rt Th e F ir st N at io n al B an k o f A 31 9 A ct o f 18 63 b an k li q u id at e d F e b 2 4, 1 88 3; r e o rg an iz e d a s 28 75 J an 1 1, 1 88 3 16 9 35 8 N Y P e n n Y an Th e F ir st N at io n al B an k o f B 16 9 li q u id at e d A p r 7, 1 86 4; s u cc e e d e d b y 35 8 FN B W at ki n s o rg . A p r 1, 1 86 4; 3 58 t it le c h an ge d t o F N B P e n n Y an A p r 15 , 1 87 3 65 45 8 C T N o rw ic h Th e F ir st N at io n al B an k o f B 65 li q u id at e d M ay 2 , 1 86 4; s u cc e e d e d b y 45 8 o rg an iz e d J u n 6 , 1 86 4; a ll n o te s fr o m 6 5 re tu rn e d u n is su e d 12 0 13 95 N Y U ti ca Th e F ir st N at io n al B an k o f B 12 0 li q u id at e d J u n 9 , 1 86 5; s u cc e e d e d b y 13 95 o rg an iz e d J u n 9 , 1 86 5 11 02 20 90 IN R ic h m o n d T h e R ic h m o n d N at io n al B an k B 11 02 li q u id at e d F e b 2 8, 1 87 3; s u cc e e d e d b y 20 90 o rg an iz e d J an 2 8, 1 87 3; c ir c as su m e d b y 20 90 38 8 24 96 O H G ra n vi ll e Th e F ir st N at io n al B an k o f B 38 8 li q u id at e d J an 1 4, 1 87 9; s u cc e e d e d b y 24 96 o rg an iz e d A p r 30 , 1 88 0 15 14 26 74 M N St il lw at e r Th e F ir st N at io n al B an k o f B 15 14 li q u id at e d A p r 29 , 1 88 2; s u cc e e d e d b y 26 74 o rg an iz e d M ar 2 8, 1 88 2 21 01 27 47 IN M ic h ig an C it y T h e F ir st N at io n al B an k o f B 21 01 li q u id at e d J u n 3 0, 1 88 2; s u cc e e d e d b y 27 47 o rg an iz e d M ay 2 2, 1 88 2 17 35 29 79 M O P al m yr a Th e F ir st N at io n al B an k o f B 17 35 li q u id at e d D e c 12 , 1 87 6; s u cc e e d e d b y 29 79 o rg an iz e d M ar 1 7, 1 88 3 15 97 30 39 M N Sh ak o p e e T h e F ir st N at io n al B an k o f B 15 97 li q u id at e d A u g 10 , 1 88 1; s u cc e e d e d b y 30 39 o rg an iz e d J u l 2 6, 1 88 3 55 0 32 24 M N W in o n a Th e F ir st N at io n al B an k o f B 55 0 li q u id at e d J u l 2 1, 1 88 4; s u cc e e d e d b y 32 24 N B o rg an iz e d J u l 2 , 1 88 4; 3 22 4 ti tl e c h an ge d t o F N B F e b 2 5, 1 88 6 15 81 32 63 IA In d e p e n d e n ce T h e F ir st N B o f th e C it y o f B 15 81 li q u id at e d O ct 3 1, 1 88 4; s u cc e e d e d b y 32 63 o rg an iz e d O ct 2 7, 1 88 4 69 8 32 78 IL C h ic ag o Th e U n io n N at io n al B an k o f B 69 8 li q u id at e d D e c 29 , 1 88 4; s u cc e e d e d b y 32 78 o rg an iz e d D e c 18 , 1 88 4 15 88 33 61 M I Fl in t Th e F ir st N at io n al B an k o f B 15 88 li q u id at e d J u n 3 0, 1 88 5; s u cc e e d e d b y 33 61 F N B o rg an iz e d A p r 17 , 1 88 5; 3 36 1 ti tl e " o f" a d d e d t o F N B N o v 8, 1 89 0 15 55 33 76 IL P ar is Th e F ir st N at io n al B an k o f B 15 55 li q u id at e d A u g 12 , 1 88 5; s u cc e e d e d b y 33 76 o rg an iz e d J u l 1 6, 1 88 5 32 95 75 09 TX B e lt o n Th e B e lt o n N at io n al B an k B 32 95 li q u id at e d D e c 10 , 1 90 4; s u cc e e d e d b y 75 09 o rg an iz e d N o v 12 , 1 90 4 14 80 78 12 C T Ea st H ad d am T h e N B o f N e w E n gl an d o f B 14 80 li q u id at e d J u n 2 7, 1 90 5; s u cc e e d e d b y 78 12 o rg an iz e d J u n 6 , 1 90 5 36 92 86 54 LA M o n ro e Th e O u ac h it a N at io n al B an k o f B 36 93 li q u id at e d A p r 20 , 1 90 7; s u cc e e d e d b y 86 54 o rg an iz e d J an 3 0, 1 90 7 49 06 10 35 8 N Y B ab yl o n Th e B ab yl o n N at io n al B an k B 49 06 li q u id at e d A p r 13 , 1 91 3; s u cc e e d e d b y 10 35 8 o rg an iz e d J an 2 4, 1 91 3 85 3 13 53 5 O H D e la w ar e Th e D e la w ar e C o u n ty N B B 85 3 li q u id at e d J an 6 , 1 90 5; s u cc e e d e d b y 75 05 D e le w ar e N B o rg an iz e d N o v 14 , 1 90 4; 7 50 5 li q u id at e d M ay 7 , 1 93 1; 75 05 s u cc e e d e d b y 13 53 5 D e la w ar e C o u n ty N B o rg an iz e d A p r 2, 1 93 1, t it le n o t u se d o n n o te s b y 13 53 5 10 50 13 82 2 N Y K in gs to n Th e N U ls te r C o u n ty B an k o f B 10 50 li q u id at e d D e c 15 , 1 93 3; s u cc e e d e d b y 13 83 3 o rg an iz e d N o v 1, 1 93 3 44 37 13 92 8 C O G re e le y Th e G re e le y N at io n al B an k B 44 37 li q u id at e d F e b 1 4, 1 93 4; s u cc e e d e d b y 13 92 8 o rg an iz e d D e c 28 , 1 93 3 21 67 27 96 TN B ri st o l Th e F ir st N at io n al B an k o f C 21 67 li q u id at e d J u l 1 0, 1 87 6; b e ca m e B an k, t h e n s u cc e e d e d b y 27 96 o rg an iz e d S e p 1 2, 1 88 2 20 13 30 05 M O C ar th ag e Th e F ir st N at io n al B an k o f C 20 13 li q u id at e d J u n 1 , 1 87 8; b e ca m e T ra d e rs B an k, t h e n s u cc e e d e d b y 30 05 o rg an iz e d J u n 1 6, 1 88 3 20 46 39 25 M I B u ch an an T h e F ir st N at io n al B an k o f C 20 46 li q u id at e d D e c 21 , 1 87 8; b e ca m e F ar m e rs & M an u fa ct u re rs B an k, t h e n s u cc e e d e d b y 39 25 o rg an iz e d S e p 1 0, 1 88 8 17 09 51 06 IL C h ic ag o Th e C o rn E xc h an ge N B o f C 17 09 li q u id at e d J an 4 , 1 87 9; b e ca m e C o rn E xc h an ge B ab k, t h e n s u cc e e d e d b y 51 06 o rg an iz e d D e c 21 , 1 89 7 15 68 55 57 W I O sh ko sh Th e C o m m e rc ia l N B an k o f C 15 68 li q u id at e d N o v 22 , 1 87 1; b e ca m e C o m m e rc ia l B an k, t h e n s u cc e e d e d b y 55 57 o rg an iz e d A u g 11 , 1 90 0 25 13 67 29 TN N as h vi ll e Th e M e rc h an ts N l B an k o f C 25 13 li q u id at e d J u n 3 0, 1 88 3; b e ca m e M e rc h an ts B an k, t h e n s u cc e e d e d b y 67 29 o rg an iz e d A p r 3, 1 90 3 48 07 77 08 M N P ri n ce to n Th e F ir st N at io n al B an k o f C 48 07 li q u id at e d D e c 18 , 1 89 3; b e ca m e C it iz e n s St at e B , t h e n s u cc e e d e d b y 77 08 o rg an iz e d A p r 4, 1 90 5 46 81 88 95 W A W ai ts b u rg T h e F ir st N at io n al B an k o f C 46 81 li q u id at e d J u n 2 5, 1 89 8; b e ca m e M e rc h an ts B , t h e n s u cc e e d e d b y 88 95 o rg an iz e d A u g 26 , 1 90 7 Paper Money * Nov/Dec 2020 * Whole No. 330 398 Ta b le 2 , c o n ti n u ed . 1s t 2n d St at e To w n B an k N am e G ro u p Ex p la n at o n f o r D u p li ca ti o n 37 33 94 37 C A M e rc e d Th e F ir st N at io n al B an k o f C 37 33 li q u id at e d J u n 3 0, 1 89 1; b e ca m e C o m m e rc ia l a n d S av in gs B , t h e n C o m m e rc ia l B , t h e n s u cc e e d e d b y 94 37 o rg an iz e d M ay 1 2, 1 90 9 71 89 95 85 IA Si o u x R ap id s T h e F ir st N at io n al B an k o f C 71 89 li q u id at e d J u l 2 5, 1 90 4; b e ca m e S e cu ri ty S ta te B , t h e n s u cc e e d e d b y 95 85 o rg an iz e d O ct 2 3, 1 90 9 53 35 95 86 O K En id Th e F ir st N at io n al B an k o f C 53 35 li q u id at e d M ar 8 , 1 90 9; b e ca m e E n id S ta te G u ar an ty B , t h e n s u cc e e d e d b y 95 86 o rg an iz e d N o v 3, 1 90 9 38 88 97 73 K S D ig h to n Th e F ir st N at io n al B an k o f C 38 88 li q u id at e d O ct 1 , 1 89 7; b e ca m e F S ta te B , t h e n s u cc e e d e d b y 97 73 o rg an iz e d M ay 1 3, 1 91 0 60 61 98 01 O K P o n ca C it y Th e F ar m e rs N at io n al B an k o f C 60 61 li q u id at e d A p r 8, 1 90 9; b e ca m e F ar m e rs S ta te B , t h e n s u cc e e d e d b y 98 01 o rg an iz e d J u n 2 8, 1 91 0 66 83 98 35 O K B o kc h it o Th e F ir st N at io n al B an k o f C 66 83 li q u id at e d D e c 29 , 1 90 8; b e ca m e C it iz e n s St at e B , t h e n s u cc e e d e d b y 98 35 o rg an iz e d A u g 10 , 1 91 0 78 93 98 81 O K K in gs to n Th e F ir st N at io n al B an k o f C 78 93 li q u id at e d J u n 2 2, 1 90 9; b e ca m e M ar sh al l C o u n ty S ta te B an k, t h e n s u cc e e d e d b y 98 81 o rg an iz e d O ct 3 , 1 91 0 78 42 99 20 O K M il b u rn Th e F ir st N at io n al B an k o f C 78 42 li q u id at e d J an 1 8, 1 90 9; b e ca m e J o h n so n C o u n ty S ta te B , t h e n s u cc e e d e d b y 99 20 o rg an iz e d J an 7 , 1 91 1 57 66 99 52 O K El k C it y Th e F ir st N at io n al B an k o f C 57 66 li q u id at e d F e b 2 3, 1 90 9; b e ca m e F S ta te B , t h e n s u cc e e d e d b y 99 52 o rg an iz e d M ar 1 4, 1 91 1 57 90 99 54 O K K in gf is h e r Th e P e o p le s N at io n al B an k o f C 57 90 li q u id at e d S e p 1 2, 1 90 8; b e ca m e P e o p le s St at e B , t h e n s u cc e e d e d b y 99 54 o rg an iz e d M ar 1 4, 1 91 1 60 58 99 59 O K Sa yr e Th e F ir st N at io n al B an k o f C 60 58 li q u id at e d F e b 2 0, 1 90 9; b e ca m e F S ta te B , t h e n s u cc e e d e d b y 99 59 o rg an iz e d M ar 1 7, 1 91 1 83 16 99 60 O K O lu st e e Th e F ir st N at io n al B an k o f C 83 16 li q u id at e d J an 2 0, 1 90 9; b e ca m e F S ta te B , t h e n s u cc e e d e d b y 99 60 o rg an iz e d M ar 1 5, 1 91 1 83 75 99 62 O K La w to n Th e L aw to n N at io n al B an k C 83 75 li q u id at e d M ar 1 3, 1 90 9; b e ca m e L aw to n S ta te B , t h e n s u cc e e d e d b y 99 62 o rg an iz e d M ar 1 1, 1 91 1 81 26 99 63 O K El d o ra d o Th e F ir st N at io n al B an k o f C 81 26 li q u id at e d D e c 1, 1 90 8; b e ca m e F S ta te B , t h e n s u cc e e d e d b y 99 63 o rg an iz e d M ay 1 8, 1 91 1 61 38 99 65 O K C o ll in sv il le Th e F ir st N at io n al B an k o f C 61 38 li q u id at e d F e b 2 2, 1 90 9; b e ca m e O kl ah o m a St at e B , t h e n s u cc e e d e d b y 99 65 o rg an iz e d M ar 2 0, 1 91 1 67 17 99 75 O K M u ld ro w Th e F ir st N at io n al B an k o f C 67 17 li q u id at e d F e b 2 7, 1 90 9; b e ca m e C h e ro ke e S ta te B , t h e n s u cc e e d e d b y 99 75 o rg an iz e d M ar 2 5, 1 91 1 61 63 10 02 0 O K G e ar y Th e F ir st N at io n al B an k o f C 62 63 li q u id at e d A u g 19 , 1 90 9; b e ca m e S ta te G u ar an ty B , t h e n s u cc e e d e d b y 10 02 0 o rg an iz e d M ay 1 7, 1 91 1 82 10 10 09 4 O K H as ti n gs Th e N at io n al B an k o f C 82 10 li q u id at e d O ct 1 , 1 90 8; b e ca m e B , t h e n s u cc e e d e d b y 10 09 4 o rg an iz e d O ct 1 1, 1 91 1 82 31 10 20 2 O K En id Th e E n id N at io n al B an k C 82 31 li q u id at e d A u g 18 , 1 90 8; b e ca m e B , t h e n s u cc e e d e d b y 10 20 2 o rg an iz e d M ay 1 7, 1 91 2 68 44 10 20 3 O K C ar m e n Th e C ar m e n N at io n al B an k C 68 44 li q u id at e d A p r 19 , 1 90 9; b e ca m e S ta te G u ar an ty B , t h e n s u cc e e d e d b y 10 20 3 o rg an iz e d M ay 1 7, 1 91 2 53 79 10 24 4 O K D u n ca n Th e F ir st N at io n al B an k o f C 53 79 li q u id at e d A p r 13 , 1 90 9; b e ca m e F S ta te B , t h e n s u cc e e d e d b y 10 24 4 o rg an iz e d A u g 8, 1 91 2 63 65 10 28 6 O K M ad il l Th e M ad il l N at io n al B an k C 63 65 li q u id at e d S e p 1 , 1 90 8; b e ca m e M ad il l S ta te B , t h e n s u cc e e d e d b y 10 28 6 o rg an iz e d O ct 2 5, 1 91 2 62 67 10 28 8 O K H o b ar t Th e C it y N at io n al B an k o f C 62 67 li q u id at e d S e p 1 , 1 90 8; b e ca m e C it y St at e B , t h e n s u cc e e d e d b y 10 28 8 o rg an iz e d N o v 2, 1 91 2 87 30 10 33 2 O K C u sh in g Th e F ar m e rs N at io n al B an k o f C 87 30 li q u id at e d J an 2 7, 1 91 0; b e ca m e F ar m e rs S ta te B , t h e n M e rc h an ts a n d F ar m e rs B C la xt o n , t h e n s u cc e e d e d b y 10 33 2 o rg an iz e d F e b 1 0, 1 91 3 87 90 10 33 9 O K A ft o n Th e F ir st N at io n al B an k o f C 87 90 li q u id at e d D e c 16 , 1 90 8; b e ca m e B , t h e n s u cc e e d e d b y 10 33 9 o rg an iz e d A p r 30 , 1 91 3 79 62 10 38 1 O K C o lb e rt Th e F ir st N at io n al B an k o f C 79 62 li q u id at e d M ar 2 5, 1 90 9; b e ca m e C o lb e rt S ta te B , t h e n s u cc e e d e d b y 10 38 1 o rg an iz e d M ay 1 7, 1 91 4 58 64 10 60 7 TX Sh e rm an Th e C o m m e rc ia l N B an k o f C 58 64 li q u id at e d M ar 2 , 1 91 1; b e ca m e C o m m e rc ia l S ta te B , t h e n s u cc e e d e d b y 10 60 7 o rg an iz e d J u n 2 9, 1 91 4 89 0 11 42 M E Th o m as to n Th e T h o m as to n N at io n al B an k D 11 42 G e o rg e s N B a ss u m e d 8 90 w it h 8 90 t it le c h an ge t o T h o m as to n N B S e p 1 6, 1 93 1 13 45 13 50 N Y A u b u rn Th e N at io n al B an k o f D 13 45 C ay o ga N B a ss u m e d 1 35 0 Se p 2 6, 1 93 1; 1 34 5 ti tl e c h an ge d t o N B M ay 3 1, 1 93 3 20 4 14 13 M D B al ti m o re T h e F ir st N at io n al B an k o f D 14 13 M e rc h an ts -M e ch an ic s N B a ss u m e d 2 04 F N B S e p 1 1, 1 91 6; 1 41 3 ti tl e c h an ge d t o F N B J u n 3 0, 1 92 8 13 36 14 13 M D B al ti m o re T h e M e rc h an ts N B an k o f D 14 13 M e rc h an ts -M e ch an ic s N B a ss u m e d 1 33 6 D e c 31 , 1 91 2; 1 41 3 ti tl e c h an ge d t o M e rc h an ts N B J an 1 5, 1 92 1 15 0 16 69 TN N as h vi ll e Fo u rt h a n d F ir st N B an k o f D 16 69 F o u rt h N B a ss u m e d 1 50 F N B J u l 8 , 1 91 2; 1 66 9 ti tl e c h an ge d t o F o u rt h a n d F ir st N B A u g 7, 1 91 2; 1 50 r e as si gn e d t o 1 66 9 Ju l 2 7, 1 92 7 20 27 98 O H C in ci n n at i Th e F if th -T h ir d N B an k o f D 27 98 F if th N B a ss u m e d 2 73 0 Th ir d N B w it h 2 79 8 ti tl e c h an ge t o F if th -T h ir d N B J u n 2 , 1 90 8; A ct M ar 5 , 1 91 3 re as si gn e d c h ar te r 20 t o 2 79 8 b e ca u se 2 73 0 su cc e e d e d 2 0 A ct o f 18 63 b an k in 1 88 2 22 34 48 52 IN M u n ci e Th e M e rc h an ts N B an k o f D 22 34 U n io n N B a ss u m e d 4 85 2 w it h 2 23 4 ti tl e c h an ge t o M e rc h an ts N B J an 2 6, 1 92 0 28 36 62 92 TA G ai n sv il le Th e F ir st N at io n al B an k o f D 62 92 a ss u m e d 2 83 6 w it h 6 29 2 ti tl e c h an ge t o F N B F e b 2 7, 1 93 1; 6 29 2 ti tl e n o t u se d o n n o te s 38 57 98 06 O R M cM in n vi ll e U n it e d S ta te s N B an k o f D 38 57 M cM in n vi ll e N B a ss u m e d 9 80 6 w it h 3 85 7 ti tl e c h an ge t o U n it e d S ta te s N B F e b 1 9, 1 92 9 73 62 10 63 0 N C R o ck y M o u n t Th e F ir st N at io n al B an k o f D 10 63 0 N B a ss u m e d 7 36 2 w it h 1 06 30 t it le c h an ge t o F N B D e c 31 , 1 92 8 51 57 10 83 6 LA La ke C h ar le s T h e C al ca si e u N B an k o f D 10 83 6 C al ca si e u N B o f So u th w e st L o u is an a as su m e d 5 15 7 A p r 3, 1 91 6; 1 08 36 t it le c h an ge d t o C al ca si e u N B J u n 2 8, 1 93 0 Paper Money * Nov/Dec 2020 * Whole No. 330 399 Ta b le 2 , c o n ti n u ed . 1s t 2n d St at e To w n B an k N am e G ro u p Ex p la n at o n f o r D u p li ca ti o n 66 74 11 10 9 W V B lu e fi e ld Th e F la t To p N B an k o f D 11 10 9 B lu e fi e ld N B a ss u m e d 6 67 4 w it h 1 11 09 t it le c h an ge t o F la t To p N B M ay 2 , 1 93 2 97 98 11 28 0 W A Se at tl e Th e D e xt e r H o rt o n N B o f D 11 28 0 U n io n N B a ss u m e d 9 79 8 w it h 1 12 80 t it le c h an ge t o D e xt e r- H o rt o n N B M ar 1 0, 1 92 4 60 44 11 32 7 C A B ak e rs fi e ld T h e F ir st N at io n al B an k o f D 11 32 7 P ro d u ce rs N B a ss u m e d 6 04 4 w it h 1 13 27 t it le c h an ge t o F N B M ay 1 5, 1 91 9 34 15 12 12 3 N Y N e w Y o rk T h e S e ab o ar d N B o f th e C it y o f D 12 12 3 M e rc an ti le N B a ss u m e d 3 41 5 w it h 1 21 23 t it le c h an ge t o S e ab o ar d N B M ar 3 1, 1 92 2 44 7 13 62 9 N J P la in fi e ld Th e F ir st N at io n al B an k o f D 13 62 9 Fo u rt h N B a ss u m e d 4 47 w it h 1 36 29 t it le c h an ge t o F N B O ct 1 7, 1 93 2 25 2 77 6 P A P it ts b u rg h T h e S e co n d N at io n al B an k o f E 25 2 u se d S e co n d N B t it le u n ti l A p r 21 , 1 91 3; 7 76 a d o p te d S e co n d N B t it le M ay 1 2, 1 93 0; 2 52 a ss u m e d 7 76 J u l 2 4, 1 93 1 25 37 29 50 V T R u tl an d Th e C le m e n t N at io n al B an k o f E n o n -i ss u in g; 1 87 5 p la te m ad e ; d id n o t co m p le te o rg an iz at io n ; l iq u id at e d A u g 1, 1 88 1; 2 95 0 o rg an iz e d in st e ad A p r 21 , 1 88 3 16 09 19 85 V A D an vi ll e Th e F ir st N at io n al B an k o f F 16 09 li q u id at e d S e p 3 0, 1 86 8; 1 98 5 P la n te rs N B n e w b an k o rg an iz e d M ay 1 0, 1 87 2; 1 98 5 ti tl e c h an ge d t o F N B A u g 1, 1 89 9 25 64 25 70 N D G ra n d F o rk s T h e F ir st N at io n al B an k o f F 25 64 li q u id at e d D e c 2, 1 88 4; 2 57 0 C it iz e n s N B n e w b an k o rg an iz e d S e p 1 2, 1 88 1; 2 57 0 ti tl e c h an ge d t o F N B J u n 2 5, 1 89 0 65 0 26 44 IA N e w to n Th e F ir st N at io n al B an k o f F 65 0 li q u id at e d D e c 16 , 1 87 6; 2 64 4 n e w b an k o rg an iz e d J an 3 0, 1 88 2 19 60 28 13 M T H e le n a Th e M o n ta n a N at io n al B an k o f F 19 60 li q u id at e d A p r 15 , 1 87 3; 2 81 3 n e w b an k o rg an iz e d O ct 3 1, 1 88 2 97 7 28 21 IA Io w a C it y Th e Io w a C it y N at io n al B an k F 97 7 li q u id at e d A p r 14 , 1 87 5; 2 82 1 n e w b an k o rg an iz e d N o v 2, 1 88 2 23 99 29 18 N J V in e la n d Th e V in e la n d N at io n al B an k F 23 99 li q u id at e d J an 1 1, 1 88 1; 2 91 8 n e w b an k o rg an iz e d F e b 2 3, 1 88 3 18 76 29 26 IL P ax to n Th e F ir st N at io n al B an k o f F 18 76 li q u id at e d J an 2 8, 1 87 6; 2 92 6 n e w b an k o rg an iz e d M ar 3 0, 1 88 3 20 51 32 73 IA B o o n e Th e F ir st N at io n al B an k o f F 20 51 li q u id at e d J an 2 , 1 87 8; 3 27 3 N B n e w b an k o rg an iz e d N o v 24 , 1 88 4; 3 27 3 ti tl e c h an ge d t o F N B A p r 7, 1 88 8 16 10 33 32 M S Ja ck so n Th e F ir st N at io n al B an k o f F 16 10 li q u id at e d D e c 26 , 1 86 7; 3 33 2 n e w b an k o rg an iz e d M ar 1 4, 1 88 5 20 79 36 09 W I B ar ab o o Th e F ir st N at io n al B an k o f F 20 79 li q u id at e d N o v 27 , 1 88 0; 3 60 9 n e w b an k o rg an iz e d D e c 8, 1 88 6 20 85 37 17 M I N e ga u n e e T h e F ir st N at io n al B an k o f F 20 85 li q u id at e d N o v 13 , 1 87 7; 3 71 7 n e w b an k o rg an iz e d M ay 1 0, 1 88 7 18 28 37 20 K S O la th e Th e F ir st N at io n al B an k o f F 18 28 li q u id at e d N o v 9, 1 87 4; 3 72 0 n e w b an k o rg an iz e d M ay 2 5, 1 88 7 20 41 37 21 O H A ll ia n ce Th e F ir st N at io n al B an k o f F 20 41 li q u id at e d J an 3 , 1 88 2; 3 72 1 n e w b an k o rg an iz e d J u n 1 , 1 88 7 20 94 37 82 K S M an h at ta n T h e F ir st N at io n al B an k o f F 20 94 li q u id at e d A p r 23 , 1 87 7; 3 78 2 n e w b an k o rg an iz e d J u l 2 1, 1 88 7 19 66 39 57 M O Tr e n to n Th e F ir st N at io n al B an k o f F 19 66 li q u id at e d J u n 2 2, 1 87 6; 3 95 7 n e w b an k o rg an iz e d D e c 22 , 1 88 8 15 71 40 10 M O H an n ib al Th e F ir st N at io n al B an k o f F 15 71 li q u id at e d M ay 1 5, 1 87 9; 4 01 0 n e w b an k o rg an iz e d A p r 10 , 1 88 9 14 12 41 49 M D Fr o st b u rg Th e F ir st N at io n al B an k o f F 14 12 li q u id at e d J u l 3 0, 1 86 9; 4 14 9 n e w b an k o rg an iz e d O ct 3 0, 1 88 9 15 29 41 57 M O In d e p e n d e n ce T h e F ir st N at io n al B an k o f F 15 29 li q u id at e d M ar 1 , 1 87 8; 4 15 7 n e w b an k o rg an iz e d O ct 3 1, 1 88 9 16 67 42 28 M O St . J o se p h Th e S ta te N at io n al B an k o f F 16 67 li q u id at e d M ar 3 1, 1 87 1; 4 22 8 n e w b an k o rg an iz e d J an 1 , 1 89 0 17 07 42 36 TN G al la ti n Th e F ir st N at io n al B an k o f F 17 07 li q u id at e d O ct 1 , 1 87 5; 4 23 6 n e w b an k o rg an iz e d F e b 1 3, 1 89 0 40 0 46 20 W I B e rl in Th e F ir st N at io n al B an k o f F 40 0 li q u id at e d J an 2 5, 1 87 0; 4 62 0 n e w b an k o rg an iz e d A u g 18 , 1 89 1 33 9 46 46 IL B at av ia Th e F ir st N at io n al B an k o f F 33 9 li q u id at e d A u g 30 , 1 87 9; 4 64 6 n e w b an k o rg an iz e d O ct 3 , 1 89 1 74 1 49 27 P A N o rt h E as t T h e F ir st N at io n al B an k o f F 74 1 li q u id at e d D e c 23 , 1 88 4; 4 92 7 n e w b an k o rg an iz e d J u n 3 , 1 89 3 18 92 51 87 IN B e d fo rd Th e B e d fo rd N at io n al B an k F 18 92 li q u id at e d J u l 2 1, 1 87 9; 5 18 7 n e w b an k o rg an iz e d M ar 1 4, 1 89 9 19 17 52 18 O H N ap o le o n T h e F ir st N at io n al B an k o f F 19 17 li q u id at e d J u n 3 0, 1 87 7; 5 21 8 n e w b an k o rg an iz e d J u l 1 2, 1 89 9 19 30 53 44 O H M in e rv a Th e F ir st N at io n al B an k o f F 19 30 li q u id at e d A u g 24 , 1 87 7; 5 34 4 n e w b an k o rg an iz e d A p r 17 , 1 90 0 33 73 72 77 N E Lo u p C it y Th e F ir st N at io n al B an k o f F 33 73 li q u id at e d J u n 2 1, 1 89 0; 7 27 7 n e w b an k o rg an iz e d A p r 19 , 1 90 4 19 52 76 55 IN R o ch e st e r T h e F ir st N at io n al B an k o f F 19 52 li q u id at e d J an 1 1, 1 87 6; 7 65 5 n e w b an k o rg an iz e d M ar 6 , 1 90 5 48 31 88 13 M N A p p le to n T h e F ir st N at io n al B an k o f F 48 31 li q u id at e d D e c 1, 1 89 7; 8 81 3 n e w b an k o rg an iz e d J u n 1 0, 1 90 7 33 54 11 25 3 C O Lo n gm o n t T h e F ir st N at io n al B an k o f F 33 54 li q u id at e d M ar 1 5, 1 90 0; 1 12 53 A m e ri ca n N B n e w b an k o rg an iz e d S e p 2 1, 1 91 8; 1 12 53 t it le c h an ge d t o F N B F e b 2 9, 1 92 7 40 8 11 90 3 M A B o st o n Th e B o st o n N at io n al B an k F 40 8 li q u id at e d D e c 8, 1 89 8; 1 19 03 n e w b an k o rg an iz e d D e c 12 , 1 92 0 75 70 12 50 6 M O St . L o u is Th e A m e ri ca n E xc h an ge N B o f F 75 70 li q u id at e d M ay 2 3, 1 90 5; 1 25 06 n e w b an k o rg an iz e d F e b 1 9, 1 92 4 41 59 12 51 7 C O D e n ve r Th e A m e ri ca n N at io n al B an k o f F 41 59 li q u id at e d A p r 1, 1 89 9; 1 25 17 n e w b an k o rg an iz e d M ay 2 5, 1 92 4 80 26 12 53 8 N Y R o ch e st e r T h e N at io n al B an k o f F 80 26 li q u id at e d A p r 7, 1 90 9; 1 25 38 n e w b an k o rg an iz e d M ay 1 7, 1 92 4 37 6 12 87 4 N Y N e w Y o rk T h e C e n tr al N B o f th e C it y o f F 37 6 li q u id at e d M ar 1 2, 1 90 4; 1 28 74 n e w b an k o rg an iz e d D e c 17 , 1 92 5 Paper Money * Nov/Dec 2020 * Whole No. 330 400 F ig u re 6 . T h e F ir st N a ti o n a l B a n k o f A ra n sa s P a ss ( 4 4 3 8 ) w a s m o v ed to R o ck p o rt in 1 9 0 3 . D if fe r en t o rg a n iz er s fo u n d ed a n o th er T h e F ir st N a ti o n a l B a n k o f A ra n sa s P a ss ( 1 0 2 7 4 ) in 1 9 1 2 . N a ti o n a l N u m is m a ti c C o ll ec ti o n , S m it h so n ia n In st it u ti o n , p h o to s. Ta b le 2 , c o n ti n u e d . 1s t 2n d St at e To w n B an k N am e G ro u p Ex p la n at o n f o r D u p li ca ti o n 53 64 13 38 5 N D V al le y C it y Th e A m e ri ca n N at io n al B an k o f F 53 64 li q u id at e d F e b 1 4, 1 91 9; 1 33 85 A m e ri ca n N B a n d T C n e w b an k o rg an iz e d S e p 2 0, 1 92 9; 1 33 85 t it le c h an ge d t o A m e ri ca n N B J u l 2 3, 1 93 4 22 86 13 82 6 P A Fr e e p o rt Th e F ir st N at io n al B an k o f F 22 86 li q u id at e d O ct 1 0, 1 88 4; 1 38 26 n e w b an k o rg an iz e d O ct 2 3, 1 93 3 16 31 19 50 A R Fo rt S m it h Th e F ir st N at io n al B an k o f G 16 31 t it le d c h an ge d t o F N B C am d e n J u l 1 , 1 87 0; 1 63 1 re ce iv e rs h ip M ay 2 , 1 87 2; 1 95 0 N B W e st e rn A rk an sa s n e w b an k o rg an iz e d M ar 2 2, 1 87 2; 1 95 0 ti tl e c h an ge d t o F N B D e c 24 , 1 88 7 16 60 26 46 K S To p e ka Th e F ir st N at io n al B an k o f G 16 60 K an sa s V al le y N B t it le d c h an ge d t o F N B M ay 1 5, 1 87 3; 1 66 0 re ce iv e rs h ip D e c 16 , 1 87 3; 2 64 6 n e w b an k o rg . D e c 26 , 1 88 1 35 8 30 47 N Y W at ki n s Th e F ir st N at io n al B an k o f G 35 8 FN B W at ki n s ti tl e c h an ge d t o F N B P e n n Y an A p r 15 , 1 87 3; 3 58 r e ce iv e rs h ip S e p 1 8, 1 89 9; 3 04 7 n e w b an k o rg . S e p 1 0, 1 88 3 16 12 34 56 M O K an sa s C it y T h e F ir st N at io n al B an k o f G 16 12 r e ce iv e rs h ip F e b 1 1, 1 87 9; n e w b an k o rg an iz e d F e b 1 8, 1 88 6 19 54 36 26 M N D u lu th Th e F ir st N at io n al B an k o f G 19 54 r e ce iv e rs h ip M ar 1 3, 1 87 6; 3 62 6 n e w b an k o rg an iz e d D e c 23 , 1 88 6 30 82 10 67 0 SC Su m te r Th e N at io n al B an k o f G 30 82 r e ce iv e rs h ip A u g 24 , 1 88 7; 1 06 70 n e w b an k o rg an iz e d D e c 21 , 1 91 4 43 14 98 90 V A B u e n a V is ta T h e F ir st N at io n al B an k o f H 43 14 F N B m o ve d w it h t it le c h an ge t o F N B L e xi n gt o n M ay 1 3, 1 89 5; 9 89 0 B u e n a V is ta n e w b an k o rg an iz e d O ct 2 9, 1 91 0 44 38 10 27 4 TX A ra n sa s P as s T h e F ir st N at io n al B an k o f H 44 38 F N B m o ve d w it h t it le c h an ge t o F N B R o ck p o rt F e b 2 5, 1 90 3; 1 02 74 A ra n sa s P as s n e w b an k o rg an iz e d A u g 19 , 1 91 2 Paper Money * Nov/Dec 2020 * Whole No. 330 401 Lyn Knight Currency Auct ions If you are buying notes... You’ll find a spectacular selection of rare and unusual currency offered for sale in each and every auction presented by Lyn Knight Currency Auctions. Our auctions are conducted throughout the year on a quarterly basis and each auction is supported by a beautiful “grand format” catalog, featuring lavish descriptions and high quality photography of the lots. Annual Catalog Subscription (4 catalogs) $50 Call today to order your subscription! 800-243-5211 If you are selling notes... Lyn Knight Currency Auctions has handled virtually every great United States currency rarity. We can sell all of your notes! Colonial Currency... Obsolete Currency... Fractional Currency... Encased Postage... Confederate Currency... United States Large and Small Size Currency... National Bank Notes... Error Notes... Military Payment Certificates (MPC)... as well as Canadian Bank Notes and scarce Foreign Bank Notes. We offer: Great Commission Rates Cash Advances Expert Cataloging Beautiful Catalogs Call or send your notes today! If your collection warrants, we will be happy to travel to your location and review your notes. 800-243-5211 Mail notes to: Lyn Knight Currency Auctions P.O. Box 7364, Overland Park, KS 66207-0364 We strongly recommend that you send your material via USPS Registered Mail insured for its full value. Prior to mailing material, please make a complete listing, including photocopies of the note(s), for your records. We will acknowledge receipt of your material upon its arrival. If you have a question about currency, call Lyn Knight. He looks forward to assisting you. 800-243-5211 - 913-338-3779 - Fax 913-338-4754 Email: lyn@lynknight.com - support@lynknight.c om Whether you’re buying or selling, visit our website: www.lynknight.com Fr. 379a $1,000 1890 T.N. Grand Watermelon Sold for $1,092,500 Fr. 183c $500 1863 L.T. Sold for $621,000 Fr. 328 $50 1880 S.C. Sold for $287,500 Lyn Knight Currency Auctions Deal with the Leading Auction Company in United States Currency CSA WATERMARKS ON CONFEDERATE NOTES AND FRACTIONAL SPECIMENS by Rick Melamed & Benny Bolin Paper Money * Nov/Dec 2020 * Whole No. 330 403 Paper Money * Nov/Dec 2020 * Whole No. 330 404 Bermuda Paper Money * Nov/Dec 2020 * Whole No. 330 405 "To Mattie: Confederate Bank Note Paper, Captured off Wilmington, N.C., from Charlie." Paper Money * Nov/Dec 2020 * Whole No. 330 406 Paper Money * Nov/Dec 2020 * Whole No. 330 407 Paper Money * Nov/Dec 2020 * Whole No. 330 408 Paper Money * Nov/Dec 2020 * Whole No. 330 409 Paper Money * Nov/Dec 2020 * Whole No. 330 410 Paper Money * Nov/Dec 2020 * Whole No. 330 411 Paper Money * Nov/Dec 2020 * Whole No. 330 412 Paper Money * Nov/Dec 2020 * Whole No. 330 413 The First National Bank in Utah Territory Figure 1. A note from The Miners National Bank of Salt Lake, the first bank chartered in Utah Territory. Notice that the postal location is Great Salt Lake. Photo courtesy of Andrew Shiva. OVERVIEW The Miners National Bank of Salt Lake was organized February 9, 1866 and chartered March 28th. Not only was it the first national bank chartered in Utah Territory, it also was the first in what is today Salt Lake City. But Salt Lake City at the time the Miners National was chartered was called Great Salt Lake City, so the location in the bank title is incorrect and the postal location written in script is also incomplete. This is the type of situation that I thoroughly relish finding and unraveling. The fact is, the bankers improperly filled out their organization certificate by providing incomplete location information. Then an attempt by the clerks in the Comptroller’s office to improve it was flawed. I’m not going to drag you through another bank history here, instead we are going to use this fabulous note as an excuse to see how Utah Territory came about and how the name of its host city evolved over time. Sure, we’ll look at the bank, but only briefly, because that’s not the best story here. The Paper Column by Peter Huntoon Paper Money * Nov/Dec 2020 * Whole No. 330 414 Figure 2. Map of the United States and northern Mexico before the Mexican-American War of 1846-8, where the yellow area represents lands claimed by the Mexican Republic following Mexico’s independence from Spain in 1821. Map adapted from Wikimedia Commons. Origin of Utah Territory The first in a group of 148 Mormon settlers in a wagon train led by Brigham Young arrived in the Salt Lake Valley on July 22, 1847. Young, delayed by illness, arrived two days later. The party consisted of 143 men, 3 women and 2 children. They had arrived in Mexico in a remote arid area in the northern part of Alta California with the Great Salt Lake off to their west. They had purposefully left the United States and their party represented the vanguard of thousands of likeminded Mormons who would follow. They sought asylum from severe religious persecution in the United States, although there were no Mexicans let alone Mexican officials to greet them, the closest being hundreds of miles to the west in California. They asserted that the land was uninhabited although there were at the least seasonal migrations of Native Americans through the area. The Mormons assembled on an open field that would become their Temple Square on July 28th, and unanimously named their new home Great Salt Lake City. They already were hard at work settling in to build an agrarian community. Their biggest problem was that they would not be free of the United States for very long because sovereignty over the land they were squatting on was about to pass to the United States. This complication had its roots in the Texas revolution in October 1835 when the English-speaking settlers there rebelled against their Mexican overlords. Ultimately, on March 2, 1836, the Texans declared independence and established the Republic of Texas. The Texans then petitioned the United States for annexation as a state, at first to no avail because neither the leadership of the Democrats or Whigs wanted to insert such a vast slave-holding region into the contentious sectional slavery dispute that was roiling Congress. The United States did, however, recognize the Republic of Texas as a sovereign nation in March 1837, despite the fact that Mexico would not relinquish its claim to the region. Outgoing President John Tyler negotiated an annexation agreement with President Sam Houston’s Republic of Texas administration in April 1844 that contained pro-slavery provisions, which, with serious political intrigue, was passed by Congress allowing Tyler to sign a compromised version of it on March 1, 1845. Tyler then forwarded it to Texas for ratification on March 3rd. James Polk, upon taking office the next day, implored the Texans to ratify it, which they did. Polk signed the annexation bill on December 29th. Paper Money * Nov/Dec 2020 * Whole No. 330 415 Democratic President Polk was an expansionist who ran on a pro-Texas Manifest Destiny platform. The outcome of the Texas annexation conveniently pitted his administration and the expansionists in Congress against Mexico. Using as an excuse contrived provocations and skirmishes along the Mexican border with Texas, the United States declared war on Mexico on May 13, 1846, ultimately invaded Mexico City, and won for the United States in 1848 cession of all the lands that are now part of the United States on Figure 3, except for a sliver along the southern tier of Arizona and New Mexico (Greenberg, 2012). The 29,670 square miles in the sliver was later purchased from Mexico as a corridor for the Southern Pacific Railroad by U. S. Ambassador James Gadsden, a sale finalized in 1854. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo signed February 2, 1848 that ended the Mexican-American War placed Brigham Young and his Mormon flock squarely back in United States territory, less than a year after they had departed. Young, president of the church, considered petitioning for territorial status, then decided upon applying for statehood. His change in strategy turned on the concern that a territory would be governed by Federal appointees whereas through state election procedures Mormons could maintain control. To that end, he and church elders drafted a state constitution based on the laws of Iowa in March 1849 and established a state that they called Deseret. Deseret is derived from a word for honeybee in the Book of Mormon and the beehive was adopted as a symbol for their industrious habits that ultimately was used on the Utah territorial and state seals. You can see it on the left side of the back of the note illustrated on Figure 1. Deseret encompassed all of the drainage area of the Colorado River north of Mexico, the Great Basin and considerable adjoining areas as shown on Figure 3. It boundaries were deliberately drawn around an area that was virtually devoid of white settlements at the time and thus could serve as a buffer to protect the Mormons. Figure 3. Boundaries of the Mormon state of Desert (dotted line), Utah Territory as defined in 1850 (solid line) and future states (white lines and labels). Map adapted from Wikipedia. They operated the Deseret government for two years, without recognition by the United States. Important for this discussion is that the General Assembly of the State of Deseret passed the act that incorporated Great Salt Lake City on January 9, 1851, an act approved by Governor Brigham Young on January 19th. In the meantime, a U. S. post office was established there in 1849 but apparently, Great was omitted from its name according to Jim Forte’s postal location website. The California gold rush that originated in 1848 and reached its zenith in 1849 materially impacted Salt Lake City and Deseret. 49ers were streaming through Salt Lake City on their way to California but in addition prospectors were fanning out across the Rocky Mountain region including Deseret and establishing mining settlements throughout. A more challenging impact was political. Californians began agitating for statehood and the United States was only too happy to comply in order to incorporate its booming economy and wealth into the nation, as well as to establish its dominance along the west coast. The problem was the status of slavery in the Mexican cession. The Compromise of 1850, a series of five bills drafted by Whig Senator Henry Clay of Kentucky and brokered with the help of Democratic Senator Stephen Douglas of Illinois, tamped down the sectional conflict for a while. When passed, the provisions that affected Deseret and the Mormons included the following. California with is current boundaries was admitted to the Union as a state on September 9, 1850. Texas relinquished its claim to New Mexico, so Congress then carved out the territories of New Mexico and Utah with boundaries as shown on Figure 4, the same day as California was admitted. The citizens of New Mexico and Utah territories were Paper Money * Nov/Dec 2020 * Whole No. 330 416 given authority to decide for themselves the legality of slavery within their borders. Of course, the Mormons were not represented in Congress at the time. Figure 4. Territories from September 9, 1850 to March 2, 1853, following the Compromise of 1850. At the time, Utah Territory encompassed most of what would become Nevada, the southwestern corner of Wyoming, and western Colorado as shown on Figure 3. Oregon Territory had been established August 14, 1848 followed by Minnesota Territory on March 3, 1849. Map adapted from Wikipedia. President Millard Fillmore appointed Brigham Young governor of Utah Territory on February 3, 1851. The first territorial legislature adopted all the laws and ordinances previously enacted by the General Assembly of Deseret; which of course, included Great Salt Lake City as the official name for the city. Governor Young selected and named Fillmore, Utah, at the geographic center of the territory, as the site for its capital in October 1851. One of the attributes of the proposed town site was that it was located along the 38th parallel, which was considered a likely route for the coming transcontinental railroad. The territorial legislature met at Fillmore in 1855, then decided in 1856 to relocate the capital to Salt Lake City. Utah territory was progressively trimmed back in size by Congress. The most sizable losses occurred in 1861 when a large piece on the west was ceded to create Nevada Territory, the eastern part was taken to square up Colorado Territory as it was created, and a piece of the northeast corner was allocated to Dakota Territory as it was being split from Nebraska Territory. Another slice went to Nevada Territory in 1862 followed by a third in 1866 to enlarge Nevada to its current dimensions at the time it was admitted as a state. The last to go was a bit more of the northeast corner in 1868 when Wyoming Territory was squared up as it was being assembled from other pieces taken from the Dakota and Idaho territories. Nevada and Colorado achieved statehood in a timely fashion in 1866 and 1876, respectively, thanks to the desire of the United States to firm up its hold on their mineral wealth. Admission of Utah languished over controversy associated with Mormon polygamy, so Utah wasn’t admitted until 1896 after church President Wilford Woodruff issued a manifesto that disavowed the practice in 1890. Early during all these adjustments, the 17th Utah Territorial Legislature on January 29, 1868 officially dropped the word Great from Salt Lake City. Great Salt Lake The Miners National Bank was organized February 9, 1866 and chartered March 28th so at the time the official name for its home was Great Salt Lake City. In contrast, the post office was using Salt Lake City. The first step in organizing a bank was to submit an organization certificate that contained a blank for the title of the bank and four blanks to specify its location. As defined by the Comptroller of the Currency, the title of the bank included the name of the bank plus the town but not that of the state/territory. The four blanks for the location called for the type of town (town, city, borough, etc,) followed by the names of the town, county and state/territory. As the paper work was being processed, this information was transcribed onto a form called an organization report, which had identical blanks. A copy of the organization report is included here as Figure 5 and is most revealing. The problem was that the form of the organization certificate was imperfect so it occasionally Paper Money * Nov/Dec 2020 * Whole No. 330 417 caused confusion. At issue was the call for a duplicate of the town name, which seemed to be redundant. The bankers faced two ambiguities. First, should they use the official name of the town or the name of their post office for their location? Second, was writing City once in the dedicated space to describe their town sufficient? What you can see from the organization report is that the bankers at the Miners National used the name of the post office for both their title and town name, but they omitted City from both because they put that in the blank they felt was reserved it. Upon processing this application, someone in the Comptroller’s office noticed that the town name supplied didn’t jibe with the official town name so he wrote Great in front of Salt Lake to better specify the location, but he failed to include City. When these situations arose, it was the policy of the Comptroller’s office to honor the title provided Figure 5. Organization report for The Miners National Bank revealing that the bankers omitted “Great” and “City” from the blanks reserved for their title and town name, and that someone in the Comptroller’s office added “Great” to the postal location. Paper Money * Nov/Dec 2020 * Whole No. 330 418 by the bankers, so that title is what appeared in the title block on its notes. Changes that the Comptroller’s office made to improve on the location information was made less conspicuously in the script postal location. Technically the improvement was then appended to the banker-supplied title to yield a complete title. This effectively yielded a de facto title change; that is, a change that showed up on the banker’s notes without their input. What came along on their 1-1-1-2 Original Series sheets was “The Miners National Bank of Salt Lake, Great Salt Lake.” It still wasn’t perfect because “City” was missing! We won’t know what appeared on the 5-5-5-5, 10-10-10-10 and 20-20-20-50 sheets printed for the bank until specimens turn up. Occasionally, in similar situations, the titles on those combinations differed from the aces and deuces. The next bank to be chartered in Utah Territory was The First National Bank of Utah at Salt Lake City, charter 1695. This bank was organized August 13, 1869 and chartered November 15. By then Great had been dropped by the 17th Territorial Legislature. Also, the bankers had correctly filled out their organization certificate. Their title appeared flawlessly on their notes. The Miners National Bank The name of The Miners National Bank reveals that its business was pitched toward the miners, who were producing wealth in the vicinity. It was not organized by Mormons, but rather by outsiders who saw a good business opportunity in Salt Lake City. The following two paragraphs, which provide an overview of that activity and the organization of the Miners bank, are lifted from Arrington with minor alterations. The richest finds having been made or proved in 1862-63, the year 1864 seems to have been a boom year in the mining regions north and west of Utah. It was this boom that was the immediate and compelling reason for the establishment of formally organized private banking houses in Salt Lake City in 1864. Four such banking houses were attracted to the city in that year: Clark and Company; Holladay and Halsey; Powers, Newman and Company; and Scott, Kerr and Company. All of these concerns, which had Midwestern connections, were freighters and merchants as well as bankers. They purchased the gold dust from miners and sold it in New York City where it brought fabulous prices during the Civil War; they sold drafts on Eastern and Midwestern banks, made exchanges, purchased land warrants and government vouchers; and they provided a circulating medium for local use much superior to the wasteful and inconvenient "trade dust." They also provided mining and other enterprises with working capital, and served as middlemen in the purchase of machinery and supplies in the East. On each of these transactions, of course, they earned a commission, fee, or other profit; and they appear to have enjoyed relatively good incomes. Utah’s first national bank was the Miners National Bank. The founders were two men attracted to Salt Lake City as the result of the mining boom of the early 1860s—William Kiskadden, an Ohioan who had freighted gold and supplies in Colorado after the Pike's Peak discoveries in 1859 and John F. Nounan, a Kansas freighter who had previously maintained a small private bank in Salt Lake City [Nounan is spelled Nounnan in the 1867 Comptroller of the Currency Annual report]. In 1867 John W. Kerr consolidated his private bank with the Miners National and became its cashier. The total resources of the bank grew from $165,000 in July 1866 to more than $400,000 in January 1869. The bankers maintained a national bank note circulation of $135,000 from 1867 forward. Postscript The Miners National Bank was succeeded by The First National Bank of Utah, which was chartered November 15, 1869 and assumed its assets. The Miners National was formally liquidated on December 2, 1869. The First National ultimately went into receivership December 10, 1874, a casualty of the Panic of 1873. The depositors ultimately were paid 24.4 percent of their money by the time the receivership closed in 1879. The first Mormon national bank organized in Salt Lake City, or in the Utah Territory for that matter, was The Deseret National Bank in 1872. Its president was, of course, Brigham Young. It was the fourth national bank organized both in Salt Lake City and Utah Territory. Its roots dated from 1868 in the form of the Zion's Co-operative Banking Institution, a private church-sanctioned banking house that in 1871 incorporated as The Bank of Deseret under the first territorial bank charter to be issued (Arrington, 1994). Paper Money * Nov/Dec 2020 * Whole No. 330 419 Sources Cited and Sources of Data Arrington, Leonard J., 1994, Banking and finance: in, Allan Kent Powell, ed., Utah history encyclopedia: University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City, UT, 674 p. (http://www.uen.org/utah_history_encyclopedia/b/banking.html) Bagley, Will, Dec. 2016, E-mail response forwarded through Salt Lake City Mayor Jackie Biskupski’s office by Holly Mullen, Deputy Director of Communications, providing the date of July 28, 1847, for when Great Salt Lake City was first named. Brand, Gary, 2002, Salt Lake City incorporation dates: http://www.astro.com/astro-databank/Cities:_Salt_Lake_City_UT Comptroller of the Currency, Duplicate organization reports for national banks: Record Group 101, U. S. National Archives, College Park, MD. Greenberg, Amy S., 2012, A wicked War, Polk, Clay, Lincoln, and the 1846 U. S. invasion of Mexico: Vantage Books, New York, NY, 344 p. Wikipedia, free online encyclopedia, hosted by the Wikimedia Foundation, the description of historical events and key historical dates discussed herein were obtained from Wikipedia web pages obtained by Googling the specific events. (https://www.wikipedia.org/) Paper Money * Nov/Dec 2020 * Whole No. 330 420 Experience the Kagin’s Di erence! An Unprecedented 5 months of Marketing and Promotion! • 0% Seller’s fee for consignments • Exposure to millions of potential buyers leveraging our extraordinary marketing with Amazon, ANA, Coin World, NGC, PCGS, iCollector and non-numismatic media • Free educational reference books and coin club memberships • Innovative marketing as we did with The ANA National Money Show Auctions and the “Saddle Ridge Hoard Treasure” • Original award winning professional auction catalog cover designs Consign to Kagin’s 2021 ANA National Money Show Auction Only two sessions planned with less than 500 lots. LIMITED SPACE so reserve your space now! Let Kagin’s tell your personal numismati c story and create a lasti ng legacy for your passion and accomplishments! Bouti que catalog featuring your collecti on designed and cataloged by experts. Contact Don@Kagins.com or call 888.8Kagins to speak directly to Donald Kagin, Ph.D. for a FREE Appraisal! Kagin’s has handled over 99% of the coins listed in The Guide Book of U.S. Coins from Colonials to Pioneer and 99% of the currency listed in Paper Money of the United States from Fractionals to Errors.  Check out our website or contact us for our latest off erings. We also handle want lists and provide auction representation. O cial ANA National Money Show® Auctioneer Kagin’s Auctions NOW Accepting Consignments March 11-12, 2021 | Phoenix, Arizona Consign Alongside these Currency Highlights already consigned to the 2021 Auction For more information about consigning to Kagin’s upcoming 2021 auction contact us at : kagins.com, by phone: 888-852-4467 or e-mail: Don@kagins.com. Territorial and National Bank Notes Error Currency MPC Collection U.S. Currency Russian/Alaskan Walrus Skin Money Kagins-PM-NMS-Cons-Ad-10-21-20.indd 1 10/21/20 10:11 AM MINING VIGNETTES ON OBSOLETE BANK NOTES by Jerry Dzara After working in the mining industry for a good many years, I began to search for scenes of miners on obsolete notes. Here's a brief survey of the nine scenes I have found. I have omitted scrip as they are a different field. Vignette 1 is a scene of two miners. One is "scaling the rib" (removing loose rock/ore from the sides), while the other is drilling a hole for blasting using a "hand steel and single jack" (star bit chisel and five pound hammer). This was engraved by Danforth & Wright and appears on the Central Bank of Hollidaysburg PA's $10's and the Shamokin Bank of Shamokin PA's $5's. Vignette 2 shows three miners at the face. One is tamping the powder; one is helping; and one is lighting his lamp. This engraving by the American Banknote Co. is found on the Allegany County Bank Bank of Cumberland 10's; the Honesdale Bank of Honesdale PA's $2's; the McKean County Bank of Smethport PA's $5's.; and the Bank of Catasauqua of Catasauqua PA's $20's. Vignette 3 shows four miners at lunch at the mine portal. The American Banknote Co. engraved this, and it is seen on the Allegany County Bank of Cumberland MD's $5's and the Mauch Chunk Bank of Mauch Chunk PA's $5's. Paper Money * Nov/Dec 2020 * Whole No. 330 422 Vignette 4 has a miner digging with a pick while three others carry ore in baskets to load an ore car. This American Banknote Co. scene is found only on the Miners and Planters Bank of Murphy NC's $10's. Vignette 5 shows four miners digging with picks, one using a bar, one resting and one with two ore cars. Baldwin, Adams Co. engraved this for the Ocoee Bank of Cleveland TN's $1's. Vignette 6 has four miners: two digging with picks, one shoveling and one resting on his shovel. This Bald & Cousland engraving is found on the Tioga Bank of Tioga PA's $20's. The 7th Vignette has three miners: one using a bar, one a pick and one a shovel, it was engraved by Danforth, Wright, on $5 bills of the Jersey Shore Bank, Jersey Shore PA Paper Money * Nov/Dec 2020 * Whole No. 330 423 Vignette, number 8, is also by Bald & Cousland. Six miners are at the portal: one posing with a pick, another posing with a shovel, two pushing an ore car out of the mine and two at the chute of the tipple or breaker. This is printed on the Pittston Bank of Pittston PA's $10's and the Anthracite Bank of Tamaqua PA's $50's. The last engraving, number 9, by J Sinclair, is a miner with a pick and wheel barrow. It is featured on the 5 cent note of the Banking House of Wm. Blumer, Allentown PA. While these scenes seem to me to be unrealistic (way too much "open ground", ore carried in woven baskets? And no mules to pull the ore cars?) I feel they provide an interesting look at mining in another century. **all notes courtesy of Heritage Coins Currency Archives** Paper Money * Nov/Dec 2020 * Whole No. 330 424 Mason’s Job Office of Rome, Georgia: David Hastings Mason Jr. and his Tri-State Obsolete Currency by Charles Derby The imprint of “Mason’s Job Office” of Rome, Georgia, is undoubtedly known to many collectors of obsolete paper money because itt is found on notes from three Southern states: Alabama, Georgia, and Tennessee. This article tells the story of the owner of Mason’s Job Office, David Hastings Mason, Jr., and the currency he produced during the Civil War. His Life David Hastings Mason Jr. was born in Philadelphia in 1829 and lived there in his early years. His father, David Sr., was the first curator, librarian, and exhibitor judge of the Franklin Institute in Philadelphia, which was established in 1824 and is today one of the oldest centers of science education and development in the USA. David Sr. moved his family to Dahlonega in 1837 to become the chief coiner at the new regional U.S. Mint established there in 1836 as a result of the discovery of gold in north Georgia. The move must have been a cultural shock to young David, but his father was a talented and eclectic man, with one foot in science (as an engineer, inventor, copper engraver, coiner, and book binder) and the other in religion (as the founder and first pastor of the Presbyterian Church in Dahlonega in 1838). Thus, David Sr. and his family “imparted a tone of refinement to the rough mining camp and formed the beginning of Dahlonega's social and intellectual life” (Knight 1917), though they struggled financially. In this environment, David Jr. grew up bright, inquisitive, academic, and practical. In time, he had a career perhaps even more diverse than his father, as a writer, printer, editor, publisher, political economist, and statistician. David Sr. surely shaped his son’s future in many ways. He worked for engraving and printing companies – Murray & Draper and Murray, Draper, Fairman & Co. (McCabe 2016). He was an inventor of a machine to engrave and stamp the borders and figures on bank notes. The Mason family lived on the grounds of the Mint (Head and Etheridge 1986). In Philadelphia and Dahlonega, David Jr. attended private schools, and in 1847, he enrolled at Yale College in Connecticut, the ancestral home of the Mason family. But the next year, his father died of a “Chronic affection of the Brain,” probably a stroke (Head and Etheridge 1986). The resultant financial straits of the Mason family forced young David to leave Yale and return to Dahlonega. In 1849, he made a big move. Perhaps this move was because the gold rush had waned in Georgia but gold fever was still in his blood, and certainly it was the lure of fortune. In any case, Mason bought an interest in a sailing vessel, sailed around Cape Horn to California, and mined for gold. He moved to San Jose where he taught school and worked Figure 1. David Hastings Mason Jr. The signature is his. (from White 1900) Paper Money * Nov/Dec 2020 * Whole No. 330 426 for the local newspaper. He moved to San Francisco and worked as a newspaper reporter for the Pacific Courier. He aspired to be a writer, and during this time, he wrote Edgar Allan Poe about his adventures in California. In 1851, with his future career in mind, he ended his California adventure and returned to Yale. Upon his graduation, he married Margaret Woodward, whose father, Thomas Woodward, was founder and editor of the Journal and Courier newspaper in New Haven. In 1852, David and Margaret moved to Rome, Georgia, not far from his friends and family in Dahlonega. From 1852 to 1867, Mason was a writer, editor, and publisher of newspapers in Rome and Tennessee. He had two newspapers in Rome. By 1858, he bought into The Southerner and Commercial Advertiser (1848-1899), and later he established his own paper, The Semi- Weekly True Flag (1860-1862). By 1861, he owned a printing company, was a successful job printer, and was printing paper money. He found time to read law, write, and take in boarders in his house. Figure 2 shows two documents from Mason during this time. The document on the right is an 1860 subscription receipt for Mason’s newspaper, The Southerner & Commercial Advertiser. This document makes several important points. First, it shows that Mason’s newspaper, like most newspapers at the time, was a political vehicle, endorsed by the Cherokee County government since 1857 and serving as the “Official Organ for Publishing Sheriff Sales of Floyd, Chattanooga, Walker and Dade Counties.” Second, it is an advertisement for Mason’s job printing business, even showing an image of Mason at work. Third, it shows Mason’s own signature, dated Feb. 6, 1860, as part of his receipt for printing announcements for land sales by W. A. (Wade) and Jane Culbertson following the death of Wade’s father, Isaac N. Culbertson. The Currency of Mason’s Job Office Mason’s Job Office printed currency over 16 months early in the Civil War. Tables 1-3 provide a list of notes with Mason’s engraver’s imprint, and Table 4 shows likely Mason notes lacking any imprint. The earliest date is Figure 2. Print jobs of Mason’s Job Printing Office. Left: Back cover of 1854 pamphlet for Cherokee Baptist Association, Alabama. Right, advertisement for Mason’s newspaper, The Southern & Commercial Advertiser (courtesy of Russel McClanahan, Rome History Museum. Paper Money * Nov/Dec 2020 * Whole No. 330 427 September 12, 1861, and that latest January 1, 1863. He printed notes for issuers in three states: Alabama, Georgia, and Tennessee. Tables 1-4 identify over 120 notes from more than 30 towns or counties. The Alabama locations are Cedar Bluff, Cedar Springs, Centre, Chepultepec, Cherokee County, Coloma, Ft. Gaines, Gaylesville, Guntersville, Howel’s X Roads, Jacksonville, Ladiga, Lathamville, Lebanon, Leesburg, Palestine, Round Mountain, Selma, (Near) Sterling, Van Buren, and Wakefield. The Georgia locations are Atlanta, Augusta, Calhoun, Cave Spring, Cedar Town (now Cedartown), Coosa, Dahlonega, Decatur, Kingston, and Rome. The Tennessee locations are Chattanooga, Cleveland, Knoxville, Running Water, and a sutler note connected with Stewart’s Brigade. This list surely is not exhaustive as new notes are being re-discovered regularly. Given that Mason’s Job Office was in Rome and given his connection with Dahlonega, it is not surprising that many notes are from those two towns. And given that this was a business, printing notes for neighboring Georgia towns such as Cave Springs, Cedar Town, and others is expected. Yet Mason was unusually successful compared to many Southern currency printers in broadening his business across this tri-state area. Many locations are near the junction of Georgia, Alabama, and Tennessee, but some such as Knoxville, in northeast Tennessee, are more distant. Examples of notes are given in Figures 3 and 4. Figure 3 shows a selection of notes that are diverse in style, vignettes, locations, and in other ways. They show the range of the work by Mason. Figure 4 shows how Mason reused styles and vignettes in his notes in different towns and states. He used very similar notes for businesses across these areas. Mason used common vignettes that were also included in the work of other Southern printers of currency. This was typical of job printers, since engravings could be acquired easily and cheaply. Mason had some favorite themes to his vignettes, especially trains and dogs. These would have been popular themes with businesses with which he contracted, since they symbolized ideals important to them: transportation and financial security. The printer’s imprint that Mason used was variable. His notes have the following range of imprints: “Printed at Mason's Job Office, Rome, Ga.”; “Printed at Mason's Job Office, Rome, Georgia”; “Mason's Job Office”; “Mason's Job Office, Rome”; and “Mason's Job Office, Rome, Ga.” The imprint “Rome: Steam Power Press of D. H. Mason, 1861” was used on an 1861 pamphlet, “The Southern Soldiers Duty. A Discourse Delivered by Rev. J. Jones to the Rome Light Guards and Miller Rifles in The Presbyterian Church of Rome, Ga., on Sabbath Morning, The 26th of May, 1861,” but not on any of his currency. Several notes listed in Table 4 do not have the imprint of Mason’s Job Office but are almost certainly Mason notes. Examples are shown in Figure 5. Three notes are clearly part of the Ohment & Co. series from Chattanooga, only they lack the imprint, which must have been an oversight or printing error. Also of the identical style to these is a 10 cent note from Cedar Bluff, Alabama, printed within a month of the others. Another likely Mason product is a $1 note issued by J. Harlow, a banker in Knoxville, Tennessee. This note is virtually identical with another $1 note from Knoxville, the so-called “Sir Walter Raleigh” note. The Baker, Martin, & Co. notes from Selma have examples with and without Mason imprints. Another likely Mason note is a 25 cent fractional note for Cornwall Iron Works Company, which has the same date, style, and font as Mason’s imprint bearing $1 Cornwall Iron Works Co. note, and even uses the same vignette that Mason used on many other notes. Notes from Decatur, Georgia, are similar to notes from Calhoun and Rome, Georgia. Paper Money * Nov/Dec 2020 * Whole No. 330 428 Issuer Location Amt. Date Vignettes Imprint Note ID Rosene Campbell & Ginn Cedar Bluff 50₵ May 22 1862 Beer barrel surrounded by beer mugs and pretzels Mason's Job Office, Rome, Ga. R-UNL W. K. Deshazo Cedar Bluff 25₵ Oct 1862 Man oversees slaves in field with ship in background Printed at Mason's Job Office, Rome, Ga. R36-1 J. R. Stranheart Cedar Bluff $1 Oct 1862 (L) Walter Raleigh, (C) Train, (R) Ceres and Indian woman Mason's Job Office, Rome, Ga. R-UNL Bank of Cedar Springs Cedar Springs 10₵ Dec 15 1862 (L) Vertical "10 CENTS" in red, (C) Train Printed at Mason's Job Office, Rome,Ga. R-UNL Henderson & Mathis Cedar Springs 50₵ June 26 1862 (C) Saddle Printed at Mason's Job Office, Rome,Ga. R-UNL William M. Bishop Centre 50₵ Aug 1 1862 (C) Tobacco and pipes; reverse is official document (Masons' with misplaced apostrophe) Masons' Job Office, Rome, Ga. R37-UNL M. M. Freeman & Co. Centre 50₵ Nov. 25 1862 (C ) Dog with safe and key Imprint Mason’s Job Office, Rome, Ga. R-UNL Lafayette M. Stiff & Co. Centre 25₵ Nov 25 1862 (C) Dog with safe and key Printed at Mason's Job Office, Rome,Ga. R38-1 Lafayette M. Stiff & Co. Centre 50₵ Nov 25 1862 (C) Dog with safe and key Printed at Mason's Job Office, Rome,Ga. R38-2 Lafayette M. Stiff & Co. Centre 50₵ Nov 25 1862 (C) Agriculture seated holding scythe Mason's Job Office, Rome,Ga. R38-3 Lafayette M. Stiff & Co. Centre 75₵ Nov 25 1862 (C) Agriculture seated holding scythe Printed at Mason's Job Office, Rome,Ga. R38-4 Stiff & Bozeman Centre 50₵ Aug 1 1862 (L) Ceres and Indian woman, (C) Dog with safe and key, (R) Dog head Mason's Job Office R-UNL Stiff & Bozeman Centre 75₵ Aug 1 1862 (L ) Printing press, (C) Dog with safe and key, (R) Dog head Mason's Job Office R-UNL W. B. Deaver & Son Chepultepec 5₵ Oct 20 1862 (C) Plowman with 2 mules Printed at Mason's Job Office, Rome,Ga. R39-UNL Samuel Noble, The Cornwall Iron Works Cherokee Co. $1 Aug 1 1862 Agency Planters Bank of Savannah at Rome: (L) Athena, (C) Train, (R) 1 DOLLAR vertical, 1 serial # Mason's Job Office [red] R-UNL Samuel Noble, The Cornwall Iron Works Cherokee Co. $1 Aug 1 1862 Agency Planters Bank of Savannah at Rome: (L) Justice, (C) Train, (R) 1 DOLLAR vertical, 1 serial # Mason's Job Office [red] R-UNL Samuel Noble, The Cornwall Iron Works Cherokee Co. $1 Aug 1 1862 Agency Planters Bank of Savannah at Rome: (L) Justice, (C) Train, (R) 1 DOLLAR vertical, 2 serial #s Mason's Job Office [red] R-UNL Samuel Noble, The Cornwall Iron Works Cherokee Co. $2 Aug 1 1862 Agency Planters Bank of Savannah at Rome: (L) Justice, (C) Train, (R) 2 DOLLAR vertical. 1 serial # Mason's Job Office [red] R-UNL Samuel Noble, The Cornwall Iron Works Cherokee Co. $3 Aug 1 1862 Agency Planters Bank of Savannah at Rome: (L) Justice, (C) Train, (R) 3 DOLLAR vertical, 2 serial #s Mason's Job Office [red] R-UNL C. T. Lucas Coloma $2 Sept 1 182 (C) Sir Walter Raleigh, (L) Train Mason's Job Office R47-1 James H. Savage Coloma 50₵ Sept 15 1862 (C) Train Printed at Mason's Job Office, Rome,Ga. R-UNL James H. Savage Coloma $1 Sept 15 1862 (C) Train Printed at Mason's Job Office, Rome,Ga. R-UNL Stout & Griffith Coloma 50₵ Sept 1 1862 (L) Ceres and Indian woman, (C) Dog with safe and key, (R) Dog's head Mason's Job Office, Rome, Ga. R48-1 C. P. Clayton & Co. Fort Gaines Tanyard 50₵ July 4 1862 (C) Boots Printed at Mason's Job Office, Rome,Georgia R-UNL M. M. Freeman & Co. Fort Gaines Tanyard 25₵ July 4 1862 (C) Boots Printed at Mason's Job Office, Rome, Georgia R97-1 J. Billingsley & Co. Gaylesville 25₵ Oct 1862 (L) Fancy red design, (C) Train, (R) 25 CENTS vertical, black Mason's Job Office, Rome, Ga. R113-1 J. Billingsley & Co. Gaylesville 25₵ Oct 1862 (L) Fancy red design, (C) Train, (R) 25 CENTS vertical, red Mason's Job Office, Rome, Ga. R113-UNL J. Billingsley & Co. Gaylesville 50₵ Oct 1862 (L) Fancy red design, (C) Train, (R) 50 CENTS vertical, black Mason's Job Office, Rome, Ga. R113-2 S. B. Echols Gaylesville $1 Nov 1 1862 (L) Atlas, (C) Train, (R) Man (Raleigh) Printed at Mason's Job Office, Rome, Ga. R114-1 S. B. Echols Gaylesville $2 Nov 1 1862 (L) Atlas, (C) Train, (R) Man (Raleigh) Printed at Mason's Job Office, Rome, Ga. R114-2 Henry Thomas Gaylesville Oct 1862 (L) Fancy red design, (C) Train, (R) 25 CENTS vertical, red Mason's Job Office, Rome, Ga. R-UNL W. L. Thompson Gaylesville $1 Aug 1 1862 (L) Ceres and Indian woman, (C) Dog with safe and key, (R) Dog's head Mason's Job Office R116-UNL W. L. Thompson Gaylesville $2 Aug 1 1862 (L) Ceres and Indian woman, (C) Dog with safe and key, (R) Dog's head Mason's Job Office R116-1 James C. Hays Guntersville 5₵ May 15 1862 Dog with safe and key Mason's Job Office, Rome, Ga. R119-1 James C. Hays Guntersville 15₵ May 15 1862 Dog with safe and key Mason's Job Office, Rome, Ga. R119-UNL G. W. Howel Howel's X Roads 25₵ August 1, 1862 4 red disciples on left and right Printed at Mason's Job Office, Rome,Georgia R-UNL Whitmire & Minton Jacksonville 50₵ Oct 1862 (L) Fancy red design, (C) Train, (R) 50 CENTS vertical Mason's Job Office, Rome, Ga. R148-1 J. Maxwell Ladiga 10₵ Sept 20 1862 (C) Train Printed at Mason's Job Office, Rome, Ga. R152-UNL J. Maxwell Ladiga $1 Sept 20 1862 (C) Train Printed at Mason's Job Office, Rome, Ga. R152-1 J. Maxwell Ladiga $2 Sept 20 1862 (C) Train Printed at Mason's Job Office, Rome, Ga. R153-1 J. Maxwell Ladiga $3 Sept 20 1862 (C) Train Printed at Mason's Job Office, Rome, Ga. R-UNL J.C. Latham Lathamville 25₵ Sept 29 1862 (L and R) Vertical 25 CENTS, (C) Train Printed at Mason's Job Office, Rome, Ga. R-UNL James Y. Carithers Lebanon 50₵ August 1, 186_ Woman with scythe Printed at Mason's Job Office, Rome,Georgia R158-1 James C. Poe Lebanon $1 Nov 18 1862 (L) Atlas; (C) Train; (R) Man (Raleigh) Mason's Job Office, Rome, Ga. R-162-1 Martin Hale Leesburg 5₵ April 15th, 1862 (C) Train, (L) Man oversees slaves in field with ship in background Mason's Job Office, Rome, Ga. R-UNL Hatfield & Wheeler Palestine 25₵ Oct 1 1862 Farm implements Mason's Job Office, Rome, Ga. R-UNL Round Mountain Iron Works Round Mountain 5₵ August 1, 1862 (L) Ceres and Indian woman, (C) Dog with safe and key Mason's Job Office, Rome R-UNL Round Mountain Iron Works Round Mountain 10₵ August 1, 1862 (L) Ceres and Indian woman, (C) Dog with safe and key Mason's Job Office, Rome R-UNL Round Mountain Iron Works Round Mountain 15₵ February 1, 1862 (L) Ceres and Indian woman, (C) Dog with safe and key Mason's Job Office, Rome R-UNL Round Mountain Iron Works Round Mountain 25₵ February 1, 1862 (L) Ceres and Indian woman, (C) Dog with safe and key Mason's Job Office, Rome R287-1 Baker, Martin & Company Selma $1 Oct 10 1862 (L) Atlas, (C) Slaves and cotton in wagon, (R) Man (Raleigh) Printed at Mason's Job Office, Rome, Ga. R291-UNL Baker, Martin & Company Selma $2 Oct 10 1862 (L) Atlas, (C) Slaves and cotton in wagon, (R) Man (Raleigh) Printed at Mason's Job Office, Rome, Ga. R291-UNL William Martin & Co. Selma 25₵ (none) (L) Ceres and Indian woman, (C) Dog with safe and key, (R) Dog head Mason's Job Office, Rome, Ga. R-UNL Barett Smith & Co. Selma 25₵ Oct 10 1862 (C) Plowman with 2 mules Printed at Mason's Job Office, Rome, Ga. R-UNL John Dawson (Near) Sterling 75₵ Sept. 10, 1862 (L and R) Vertical 25 CENTS, (C) Train Printed at Mason's Job Office, Rome, Ga. R-UNL C.M. Lay (Near) Sterling 25₵ Sept. 10, 1862 (L and R) Vertical 25 CENTS, (C) Train Printed at Mason's Job Office, Rome, Ga. R-UNL C.M. Lay (Near) Sterling 50₵ Sept. 10, 1862 (L and R) Vertical 25 CENTS, (C) Train Printed at Mason's Job Office, Rome, Ga. R-UNL Moses Casey Newnan Van Buren 5₵ July 1 1862 (C) Barrels and produce Printed at Mason's Job Office, Rome, Ga. R343-1 Moses Casey Newnan Van Buren 75₵ July 1 1862 (L) Ceres and Indian woman, (C) Dog with safe and key, (R) Dog's head Mason's Job Office R343-2 Thomas Jefferson Evans Wakefield $1 Oct. 9 1862 (L) Ceres and Indian woman, (C) Plowman with 2 mules, (R) Dog's head Mason's Job Office, Rome R-UNL Table 1. Alabama Scrip from Mason's Job Office Paper Money * Nov/Dec 2020 * Whole No. 330 429 Issuer Location Amt. Date Vignettes Imprint Alexander Powell & Co. Atlanta 50₵ Sept 1862 (C) Train Printed at Mason' Job Office, Rome, Ga. Johnson & Co. ?? Calhoun $1 Aug 1 1862 (L) Justice, (C) State seal, (R) 1 DOLLAR vertical Printed at Mason' Job Office, Rome, Ga. A.J. Gilley & Co. Calhoun $1 Aug 1 1862 (L) Justice, (C) State seal, (R) 1 DOLLAR vertical Printed at Mason' Job Office, Rome, Ga. Johnson & Co. Calhoun $1 Aug 1 1862 (L) Justice, (C) State seal, (R) 1 DOLLAR vertical Printed at Mason' Job Office, Rome, Ga. (Unissued) Calhoun $1 Aug 1 1862 (L) Justice, (C) State seal, (R) 1 DOLLAR vertical Printed at Mason' Job Office, Rome, Ga. H.S. Estello Sr. Cave Spring 25₵ Oct 1862 Man oversees slaves in field with ship in background Printed at Mason's Job Office, Rome, Ga. (Unknown issuer) Cave Spring 50₵ Oct 1862 (L) Fancy red design, (C) Train, (R) 50 CENTS vertical Mason's Job Office, Rome, Ga. J. B. Camp Cedar Town 25₵ Oct 1862 (L) Fancy red design, (C) Train, (R) 25 CENTS vertical Mason's Job Office, Rome, Ga. J. B. Camp Cedar Town $2 Oct 1862 (L) Fancy red design, (C) Train, (R) 2 DOLLARS vertical Mason's Job Office, Rome, Ga. (Unissued) Cedar Town 25₵ Nov 11 1862 (C) Dog with safe and key Printed at Mason' Job Office, Rome, Ga. (Unissued) Cedar Town 25₵ Nov 11 1862 (C) Agriculture seated holding scythe Printed at Mason' Job Office, Rome, Ga. (Unissued) Cedar Town 50₵ Nov 11 1862 (C) Dog with safe and key Printed at Mason' Job Office, Rome, Ga. Reed and Lowrey Cedar Town 50₵ Nov 11 1862 (C) Dog with safe and key Printed at Mason' Job Office, Rome, Ga. L. Smith Cedar Town 50₵ Nov 11 1862 (C) Agriculture seated holding scythe Printed at Mason' Job Office, Rome, Ga. (Unissued) Cedar Town $1 Nov 11 1862 (C) Dog with safe and key Printed at Mason' Job Office, Rome, Ga. (Unissued) Cedar Town $1 Nov 11 1862 (C) Agriculture seated holding scythe Printed at Mason' Job Office, Rome, Ga. Bale & Brothers Coosa 50₵ Nov 1 1862 (L) Ceres and Indian woman, (C) Dog with safe and key, (R) Dog's head Mason's Job Office, Rome Bale & Brothers Coosa 75₵ Nov 1 1862 (L) Ceres and Indian woman, (C) Dog with safe and key, (R) Dog's head Mason's Job Office, Rome Bale & Mollier Coosa 50₵ Nov 1 1862 (L) Ceres and Indian woman, (C) Dog with safe and key, (R) Dog's head Mason's Job Office, Rome G.W. Fort Coosa 75₵ Nov 1 1862 (L) Ceres and Indian woman, (C) Dog with safe and key, (R) Dog's head Mason's Job Office, Rome John Roberts Dahlonega 50₵ Dec 15 1862 Plowman with 2 mules Printed at Mason' Job Office, Rome, Ga. (Unknown issuer) Dahlonega 50₵ Dec 15 1862 Man oversees slaves in field with ship in background Printed at Mason' Job Office, Rome, Ga. J.W. and S.E. Little Dahlonega 25₵ Dec 15 1862 (L) Fancy red design, (C) Train, (R) 25 CENTS vertical Mason's Job Office, Rome, Ga. J.W.&S.E. Little Dahlonega $3 Dec 15 1862 (L) Atlas, (C) Train, (R) 3 Printed at Mason' Job Office, Rome, Ga. W. Leers Dahlonega $1 Dec 15 1862 (L) Atlas, (C) Train, (R) Man (Raleigh) Printed at Mason' Job Office, Rome, Ga. W. Leers Dahlonega $2 Dec 15 1862 (L) Atlas, (C) Train, (R) 2 Printed at Mason' Job Office, Rome, Ga. W. Leers Dahlonega $3 Dec 15 1862 (L) Atlas, (C) Train, (R) 3 Printed at Mason' Job Office, Rome, Ga. T.V. Hargis Kingston 10₵ Aug 1 1862 General Goods Printed at Mason' Job Office, Rome, Ga. Bank of Dixie Rome $1 Aug 14 1862 (L) Ceres and Indian woman, (C) Dog with safe and key Mason's Job Office, Rome (Unissued) Rome 5₵ Nov 6 1862 (C) Agriculture seated holding scythe Printed at Mason' Job Office, Rome, Ga. (Unissued) Rome 10₵ Nov 6 1862 (C) Dog with safe and key Printed at Mason' Job Office, Rome, Ga. (Unissued) Rome 25₵ Nov 6 1862 (C) Agriculture seated holding scythe ("VWENTY") Printed at Mason' Job Office, Rome, Ga. (Unissued) Rome 25₵ Nov 6 1862 (C) Dog with safe and key ("TWENTY") Printed at Mason' Job Office, Rome, Ga. Foster & Norris Rome 25₵ Nov 6 1862 (C) Dog with safe and key ("TWENTY") Printed at Mason' Job Office, Rome, Ga. Foster & Norris Rome 50₵ Nov 6 1862 (C) Dog with safe and key Printed at Mason' Job Office, Rome, Ga. (Unissued) Rome 50₵ Nov 6 1862 (C) Agriculture seated holding scythe Printed at Mason' Job Office, Rome, Ga. (Unissued) Rome 50₵ Nov 6 1862 (C) Dog with safe and key Printed at Mason' Job Office, Rome, Ga. J. R. Payne Rome 15₵ ? 1862 (L) Man oversees slaves in field with ship in background, (C) Train Mason's Job Office, Rome, Ga. J. R. Payne Rome 15₵ June 1862 (L) Wagon, (C) Brandy barrels Printed at Mason' Job Office, Rome, Ga. J. R. Payne Rome 75₵ June 1862 (L) Plow, (C) Brandy barrels Printed at Mason' Job Office, Rome, Ga. (Unknown issuer) Rome 25₵ Aug 2 1862 (L) Ceres and Indian woman, (C) "State of Georgia" over the Georgia state seal Mason's Job Office Rome (Unknown issuer) Rome 50₵ Aug 2 1862 (L) Ceres and Indian woman, (C) "State of Georgia" over the Georgia state seal Mason's Job Office Rome R. A. McGinnis Rome $1 Aug 2 1862 (L) Justice, (C) State seal, (L) 1 DOLLAR vertical Printed at Mason' Job Office, Rome, Ga. Rome Railroad Rome 5₵ Sept 12 1862 (L) Dog with safe and key, (C) Train Mason's Job Office Rome Railroad Rome 10₵ Sept 12 1862 (L) Dog with safe and key, (C) Train Mason's Job Office Rome Railroad Rome 15₵ Sept 12 1862 (L) Dog with safe and key, (C) Train Mason's Job Office Rome Railroad Rome 25₵ Sept 12 1862 (L) Dog with safe and key, (C) Train Mason's Job Office Rome Railroad Rome 10₵ Sept 12 1861 (L) Ceres and Indian woman, (C) Train MASON'S JOB OFFICE Rome Railroad Rome 25₵ Sept 12 1861 (L) Ceres and Indian woman, (C) Train MASON'S JOB OFFICE (Unknown issuer) Rome 50₵ May 1 1862 (L) Ceres and Indian woman, (C) Dog with safe and key, (R) Dog's head Mason's Job Office Noble Brothers & Company Rome 50₵ May 17 1862 (C) Train, (R) 50 Printed at Mason' Job Office, Rome, Ga. Table 2. Georgia Scrip from Mason's Job Office Paper Money * Nov/Dec 2020 * Whole No. 330 430 Figure 3. Diversity of notes printed by Mason’s Job Office. Issuer Location Amt. Date Vignettes Imprint Note ID Jms. Cooper Chattanooga $1 Jan 1 1863 (L) Atlas, (C) Train, ( R) Man in design Printed at Mason' Job Office, Rome, Ga. C-M.Coo-1 Bracy & Hult Chattanooga 50₵ Jan 1 1863 Man oversees slaves in field with ship in background Printed at Mason' Job Office, Rome, Ga. C-M.Bra-50c Osment & Co. Cleveland 25₵ Dec 1 1862 Ship Printed at Mason' Job Office, Rome, Ga. Cl-M.Osm-25c-1 Osment & Co. Cleveland 25₵ Dec 1 1862 Ship Printed at Mason' Job Office, Rome, Ga. Cl-M.Osm-25c-2 Osment & Co. Cleveland 25₵ Jan 1 1863 Ship Printed at Mason' Job Office, Rome, Ga. Cl-M.Osm-25c-3 Osment & Co. Cleveland 50₵ Dec 1 1862 Ship Printed at Mason' Job Office, Rome, Ga. Cl-M.Osm-50c-1 Osment & Co. Cleveland 50₵ Dec 1 1862 Ship Printed at Mason' Job Office, Rome, Ga. Cl-M.Osm-50c-2 Osment & Co. Cleveland $1 Dec 1 1862 (L) Atlas, (C) Train Printed at Mason' Job Office, Rome, Ga. Cl-M.Osm-1-4 Osment & Co. Cleveland $1 Dec 1 1862 (L) Atlas, (C) Train Printed at Mason' Job Office, Rome, Ga. Cl-M.Osm-1-5 Osment & Co. Cleveland $1 Dec 1 1862 (L) Atlas, (C) Train Printed at Mason' Job Office, Rome, Ga. Cl-M.Osm-1-6 Osment & Co. Cleveland $2 Dec 1 1862 (L) Atlas, (C) Train Printed at Mason' Job Office, Rome, Ga. Cl-M.Osm-2-1 Osment & Co. Cleveland $2 Dec 1 1862 (L) Atlas, (C) Train Printed at Mason' Job Office, Rome, Ga. Cl-M.Osm-2-5 Osment & Co. Cleveland $2 Dec 1 1862 (L) Atlas, (C) Train Printed at Mason' Job Office, Rome, Ga. Cl-M.Osm-2-6 J. Weathring Knoxville 25₵ (no date) (L) Man (Raleigh), (C) Train, (R) Ceres and Indian woman Mason's Job Office, Rome, Ga. K-M.Wea-25c J. Weathring Knoxville 50₵ (no date) (L) Man (Raleigh), (C) Train, (R) Ceres and Indian woman Mason's Job Office, Rome, Ga. K-M.Wea-50c (Unissued) Knoxville $1 (no date) (L) Man (Raleigh), (C) Train, (R) Ceres and Indian woman Mason's Job Office, Rome, Ga. K-M.unk-1 M. J. Winston Running Water 25₵ Sept 1 1862 (C) Train Printed at Mason' Job Office, Rome, Ga. RW-M.Win-25c M. J. Winston Running Water 50₵ Sept 1 1862 (C) Train Printed at Mason' Job Office, Rome, Ga. RW-M.Win-50c M. J. Winston Running Water 75₵ Sept 1 1862 (C) Train Printed at Mason' Job Office, Rome, Ga. RW-M.Win-75c M. J. Winston Running Water $1 Sept 1 1862 (L) Man (Raleigh), (C) Train Printed at Mason' Job Office, Rome, Ga. RW-M.Win-1 Stuart F. Bennett (sutler) Head-Quarters of Steward's Brigade 25₵ (no date) (L) Man (Raleigh), (C) Train, (R) Ceres and Indian woman Mason's Job Office, Rome, Ga. UNL Table 3. Tennessee Scrip from Mason's Job Office Paper Money * Nov/Dec 2020 * Whole No. 330 431 Cherokee County, Ala. Calhoun, Ga. Gaylesville, Ala. Dahlonega, Ga. Gaylesville, Ala. Dahlonega, Ga. Cleveland,Tenn. Cle veland,Tenn. Van Buren,Ala. Rome, Ga. Figure 4. Reuse of similar styles for different issuers of notes by Mason’s Job Office. Paper Money * Nov/Dec 2020 * Whole No. 330 432 Most Mason’s notes are for businesses. He printed one sutler note, for Stuart Bennett in Tennessee. Three sets of his notes have a connection with banks. One set of notes was issued by the Agency Planters Bank of Savannah at Rome, payable at the Cornwall Iron Works Company of Cherokee County, Alabama (in Centre). Another set was issued by Osment & Company in Chattanooga, Tennessee, through the Oconee Bank. A third Cedar Bluff, Ala. Cle veland,Tenn. Knoxville,Tenn. Che rokee Co., Ala. Issuer Location Amt. Date Vignettes Imprint J. L. Cash's Office of Deposit Adairsville, Ga. 50₵ June 1862 (L) Ceres and Indian woman, (C) Train Franklin Printing House Steam Printer Atlanta, Ga Bank of Fulton Atlanta $2 Jan 1 1863 (L) Man (Raleigh), (C) Ship, (R) Ceres and Indian woman Toon & Co., Printers, Atlanta City of Atlanta Atlanta $2 Dec 1 1865 (L) Man (Raleigh), (C) Train Franklin Printing House City of Atlanta Atlanta $1 Dec 1 1865 (L) Man (Raleigh), (C) Train Franklin Printing House Rome Railroad Rome 5₵ Sept 12 1861 (L) Ceres and Indian woman, (C) Train Franklin Printing House, Atlanta Rome Railroad Rome 25₵ Sept 12 1861 (L) Ceres and Indian woman, (C) Train Franklin Printing House, Atlanta Rome Railroad Rome 50₵ Sept 12 1861 (L) Ceres and Indian woman, (C) Train Franklin Printing House, Atlanta Brown Barton & Co. Chattanooga $1 (no date) (L) Man (Raleigh), (C) Train, (R) Ceres and Indian woman Toon & Co., Printers, Atlanta Brown Barton & Co. Chattanooga $2 (no date) (L) Man (Raleigh), (C) Train, (R) Ceres and Indian woman Toon & Co., Printers, Atlanta Brown Barton & Co. Chattanooga $3 (no date) (L) Man (Raleigh), (C) Train, (R) Ceres and Indian woman Toon & Co., Printers, Atlanta H. B. Lane Chattanooga 5₵ June 30 1862 (L) Ceres and Indian woman, (C) Train Franklin Printing House Steam Printer Atlanta, Ga H. B. Lane Chattanooga 20₵ June 30 1862 (L) Ceres and Indian woman, (C) Train Franklin Printing House Steam Printer Atlanta, Ga Table 5. Toon & Co. and Franklin Printing House notes similar to Mason's Job Office notes Issuer Location Amt. Date Vignettes Imprint Note ID Albert Hancock Bogan Cedar Bluff, Ala. 10₵ Jan 1 1863 (C) Ship (No Imprint) R-UNL Samuel Noble, The Cornwall Iron Works Cherokee Co., Ala. 25₵ Aug 1 1862 Agency Planters Bank of Savannah at Rome: (L) Ship vertical (No Imprint) R-UNL Baker, Martin & Company Selma, Ala. $1 Oct 10 1862 (L) Atlas, (C) Slaves and cotton in wagon, (R) Man in design (No Imprint) R291-1 Baker, Martin & Company Selma, Ala. $2 Oct 10 1862 (L) Atlas, (C) Slaves and cotton in wagon, (R) Man in design (No Imprint) R291-2 Augusta Rail Road & Banking Company Augusta, Ga. $1 Sept 13 1862 (L) Man (Raleigh), (C) Train, (R) Ceres and Indian woman (No Imprint) UNL Augusta Rail Road & Banking Company Augusta, Ga. $2 Sept 13 1862 (L) Man (Raleigh), (C) Train, (R) Ceres and Indian woman (No Imprint) UNL Augusta Rail Road & Banking Company Augusta, Ga. $3 Sept 13 1862 (L) Man (Raleigh), (C) Train, (R) Ceres and Indian woman (No Imprint) UNL David Watt (??) & Co. Decatur, Ga. $1 Aug 1 1862 (L) Justice, (C) State seal, (R) 1 DOLLAR vertical (No Imprint) UNL David Watt (??) & Co. Decatur, Ga. $2 Aug 1 1862 (L) Justice, (C) State seal, (R) 2 DOLLARS vertical (No Imprint) UNL David Watt (??) & Co. Decatur, Ga. $3 Aug 1 1862 (L) Justice, (C) State seal, (R) 3 DOLLARS vertical (No Imprint) UNL Osment & Co. Cleveland, Tenn. 10₵ Dec 1 1862 Ship (No Imprint) Cl-M.Osm-10c-1 Osment & Co. Cleveland, Tenn. 10₵ Dec 1 1862 Ship (No Imprint) Cl-M.Osm-10c-1a Osment & Co. Cleveland, Tenn. $1 Dec 1 1862 Ship (No Imprint) Cl-M.Osm-1-1 J. Harlow, Banker Knoxville, Tenn. $1 Jan 6 1862 (L) Man (Raleigh), (C) Train, (R) Ceres and Indian woman (No Imprint) K-M.Hal-1 Table 4. Likely Mason notes, but no imprint Figure 5. Examples of notes without Mason’s Job Office imprint but likely printed by him. Paper Money * Nov/Dec 2020 * Whole No. 330 433 set was redeemable at the Empire Bank in Rome, Georgia. Four notes were printed for issuers that did not exist: one for a “Bank of Dixie” in Rome, Georgia, for which I could find no record, and three for “The Augusta Rail Road & Banking Company,” which was described in an August 19, 1863, article in the Augusta Chronicle as a non-existent bank (Bowers 2016). Another note was printed for “The State of Georgia,” but apparently unsanctioned. Mason might have produced these notes as fantasy notes to be used in advertising his printing capabilities. But the truth might be darker than this: Mason might have been taken advantage of by schemers who tricked him into producing these bogus notes, or Mason might have turned a blind eye to what he knew to be illegal activities. Most of the Mason’s Job Office notes are quite rare and valued acquisitions. Only the Foster & Norris fractional notes from Rome are common, especially as remainders, and thus moderately priced. Connection among Mason’s Job Office, Toon & Co., and Franklin Printing House? Several of the notes with Mason’s Job Office imprint have very similar design to notes by Franklin Printing House or Toon & Co (Table 5, Fig. 6). The most striking is the series of fractional notes for Rome Railroad, dated Sept. 12 1861, all of a very similar style: 5, 10, 25, 50 cents, with two maidens on left, the denomination at top center, and a train at top right (Fig. 6). Yet, the 10 and 25 cent notes have the Mason’s Job Office imprint, and 5, 25, and 50 cent notes have the imprint of Franklin Printing House of Atlanta. The 25 cent notes by Mason and Franklin are very similar though not identical. What is the connection between these presses? The link between Toon & Co. and Franklin Printing House is clear. C. R. Hanleiter of Hanleiter, Rice & Company established the Franklin Publishing Company in 1860. When Hanleiter joined the Confederate army, he sold his press to J. J. Toon. Toon was a wealthy man who became involved in publishing in Nashville, lived in Charleston, then moved to Atlanta in May 1862. He bought Franklin Printing House soon thereafter. Both Franklin Printing House and J. J. Toon & Co. printed Figure 6. Examples of similar notes from Mason’s Job Office, Toon & Co. Printers, and Franklin Printing House. Mason’s Job Office Franklin Printing House Mason’s Job Office Toon & Co.Printers Paper Money * Nov/Dec 2020 * Whole No. 330 434 widely during the war, including for the Confederate government, and beyond when Mason closed his printing operation in Rome. But no connections were found between Mason and Toon or Franklin printing operations that explain similarities in these notes. Mason’s Life After His Job Office Closed By 1863, U.S. troops were moving eastward across Tennessee, into Chattanooga, and threatening northwest Georgia including Mason’s own town of Rome. Mason joined his local troop, in August 1, 1863, as a private in Company A, Capt. Lawrence’s infantry company, Floyd Legion. He served at Camp Bush Arbor, then Camp Geiger, in Georgia. But the army realized Mason’s value as a printer, so he was ordered in October to perform public printing, which he did part time while also serving in the Floyd Legion. In 1864, as U.S. troops advanced into Rome on their way to Atlanta, and Mason lost his personal property and business. Mason, Margaret, and their four children, the youngest just born in April, moved to occupied Tennessee. Mason became a writer and editor for the Nashville Daily Press and Times. During this time, he was also a correspondent for several Northern newspapers and news organizations, including the New York Associated Press and the Tribune in Chicago. At this time, he seems to have had a political conversion, or possibly his New England background never completely left him during his time in Georgia. In an 1861 editorial that he wrote for his Rome Semi-Weekly True Flag, he urged secession by calling the Union “a vessel whose timbers are so rotten it cannot hold itself together.” But in 1867, he was living in reconstructionist Nashville, writing for Chicago newspapers, and running as a radical Republican candidate for U.S. Congress. As a candidate, he appealed to abolitionist Pennsylvanian Thaddeus Stevens for support, but election results show that he placed a distant third place with less than 3% of the vote, losing to John Trimble, the national Republican candidate. Perhaps Mason’s poor showing in the election was a result of the Republican Central Committee, which in supporting Trimble described Mason as an “infamous rebel and thief [who aimed to] swindle the colored voters.” In 1867, Mason and his family moved from Nashville to Chicago, where he worked for the Tribune. In 1869-1870, he was editor-in-chief of the Chicago Republican. During this time, his favorite topic was protectionism, and he promoted higher tariffs. As a political economist, he edited a protectionist magazine, The Bureau, in 1871 and 1872. From the 1870s to the 1890s, he was editor of several Chicago papers, including the Inter-Ocean, the Herald, and the Industrial World. He wrote three major works on protectionism: How Western Farmers are Benefited by Protection (Chicago, 1875); A Short Tariff History of the United States from the earliest to the present time. Volume I: 1783 to 1789 (Chicago, 1884); and “Protection in the United States” in John Lalor's "Cyclopædia of Political Science, Political Economy, and the Political History of the United States (Chicago, 1881). By 1894, he was statistician for the Chicago post office. He died in 1903 after a full and rich life of 73 years. Today, David Mason is most remembered as a political economist, writer, and editor in Chicago. But the currency bearing the imprint “Mason’s Job Office” is diverse, interesting, and avidly collected by numismatists in Alabama, Georgia, Tennessee, and elsewhere. Acknowledgments: I thank Bill Gunther, Mack Martin, and John Ellis for sharing information and commenting on the manuscript, and Russell McClanahan of the Rome History Museum for sharing knowledge and images. Paper Money * Nov/Dec 2020 * Whole No. 330 435 Literature Amerson, Anne. 2006. Dahlonega: A Brief History. The Historical Press. Bowers, Q. David. 2016. Whitman Encyclopedia of Obsolete Paper Money, Vol. 6: South Atlantic, Part I: Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Whitman Publishing LLC, Atlanta. Bryan, Thomas Conn. 2009. Confederate Georgia. University of Georgia Press, Athens. Charleston Mercury (South Carolina), Mon. Aug 23, 1858; issue 10.318: “Editorial Changes.” Congressional Directory. 1869. U.S. Congress, Government Printing Office, Washington DC Gunther, Bill. 2011. “Who Were They? Tracing Names on Alabama Notes.” Paper Money, Nov./Dec. 2011, No. 276, pp. 435- 44. Gunther, Bill. 2014. “Known Alabama Notes Now Top 1000.” Paper Money, May/June 2014, No. 291, pp. 178-84. Gunther, Bill. 2014. “An Update on Sterling Notes. Paper Money, Nov./Dec 2014, No. 294, pp. 430-31. Head, Sylvia Gailey; and Etheridge, Elizabeth W. 1986. The Neighborhood Mint - Dahlonega in the Age of Jackson. The Gold Rush Gallery, Dahlonega, Georgia. http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn8807 4817 Hughes, Nathaniel Cheairs. 2008. Yale’s Confederates: A Biographical Dictionary. University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville. “David Hastings Mason Jr.” pp. 134-135. Johnson, Rossiter; and Brown, John Howard. 1904. Twentieth Century Biographical Dictionary of Notable Americans. The Biographical Society, Boston. Knight, Lucian Lamar. 1917. A Standard History of Georgia and Georgians, Volume 1. Lewis Publishing Co., Chicago/New York. “Dahlonega (The center of gold mining activities),” chapter 16, page 561. Library of Congress, Chronicling America. http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov McCabe, Bob. 2016. Counterfeiting and Technology. A History of the Long Struggle Between Paper-Money Counterfeiters and Security Printing. Whitman Publishing, LLC, Atlanta, Georgia. Pioneer Citizen’s History of Atlanta, 1833- 1902. Published by the Pioneer Citizen’s Society of Atlanta. Byrd Printing Company. 1902. Atlanta, Georgia. Stevens, Thaddeus. 1998. The Selected Papers of Thaddeus Stevens, Volume 2: April 1865-August 1868. University of Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh. U.S. Censuses of 1850, 1860, 1870. White, James Terry. 1900. National Cyclopaedia of American Biography. Vol. 10. J. T. White & Co., New York. Wilson, John Stainback. 1871. Atlanta As It Is: Being a Brief Sketch of Its Early Settlers, Growth, Society, Etc. Little, Rennie & Company, Printers, New York. Paper Money * Nov/Dec 2020 * Whole No. 330 436 The Farmers and Merchants National Bank of Baltimore, Md., Charter 1337 by J. Fred Maples As reported in the Baltimore Sun on June 14, 1905 as the bank’s charter was extended: “The Farmers and Merchants first became a national bank on June 12, 1865. Its charter was extended 20 years later, or on June 12, 1885, and now the third extension has been granted to run to June 12, 1925. The bank was founded in 1808 and began business on Baltimore Street between Howard and Liberty streets upon a portion of the ground now occupied by the Baltimore Bargain House. Subsequently it bought the lot at the southwest corner of Calvert Street and Bank Lane and erected a banking house, which was occupied until 1849, when the property at the northwest corner of South and Lombard streets was bought and a new banking house erected. In 1888 the business having outgrown the bank’s quarters the adjoining warehouses were bought, and the banking house and the two warehouses torn down. Upon this lot was erected the five-story bank and office building, which was destroyed by the fire of February 7, 1904.” The F&M – as it was called -- was one of Baltimore’s oldest and most important banks and issued $9,707,120 in Original Series, 1875 Series, 1882 Series, 1902 Series, and 1929 Series notes, while averaging about $350,000 in a widely varying circulation. Indeed the bank reduced its circulation significantly in the Panic of 1884, but expanded nicely in 1905, after the Great Fire of 1904. The aptly named Great Fire raged for two days, and destroyed Baltimore’s financial district, including this bank’s building. A few days after the fire The Baltimore Sun reported this feel-good story: "The vault of the Farmers and Merchants Bank, at Lombard and South streets, was opened in the morning and its contents, which were unharmed, were removed to a place of safety. President Charles T. Crane secured a lot of securities which contained all the possessions of a widow who had put it there for safe-keeping. Mr. Crane delivered the box to her in person with its contents as safe and untouched as when it was placed in the vault." The bank’s five-story building was razed, and a one-story structure was rebuilt in its place. This bank continued successfully for several more years, even expanding its circulation in 1908 and 1909, before being absorbed by the Union Trust Company of Baltimore in 1930. Arguably the best surviving note from this bank is this $5 1902 Date Back, Friedberg # 590, certified by PMG Very Fine 20, with a dramatic printed foldover error. According to the National Bank Note Census, this note is one of just three surviving errors from Maryland – the other two are Double Denominations. This note Figure 1: $5 1902 Date Back. The Farmers and Merchants National Bank of Baltimore, Md. Charter # 1337. This bank issued 54,000 sheets of $5 1902 Date Backs between 1908 and 1921. This error note was issued to the bank on July 3, 1919, where the stamped signatures of J.E. Marshall and C.G. Osburn were dutifully applied. Paper Money * Nov/Dec 2020 * Whole No. 330 437 was in the famed Albert Grinnell sale of the 1940s, Lot 4409, but was mistakenly attributed to Baltimore, Ohio. Recently this note sold for $6,600 at the CAA September 2018 auction, Lot 21211. This foldover error was created when the 4-subject sheet was sent for final overprints of the blue seal, charter numbers, and geographical letters. Given the top right corner of the sheet was doubled over, portions of the final overprinting were applied on its back. So this was the top note of the sheet. The mistake wasn’t caught by the BEP clerks, or the Comptroller of the Currency Issue Division clerks. Obviously the mistake didn’t bother the bank, which applied the stamped signatures and put the note in circulation! The 1902 Date Back national currency series was created by the Aldrich-Vreeland Act of May 30, 1908, as signed by Theodore Roosevelt, to mitigate the worldwide financial Panic of 1907. Senator Nelson W. Aldrich, a Republican from Rhode Island, was largely responsible for the bill, along with his co-sponsor Rep. Edward Vreeland of New York. The bill provided a mechanism for banks to use securities other than U.S. government bonds to obtain short-term increases in their national bank note circulations. Two types of entities could apply for the additional currency: 1) individual banks, like this one, and 2) groups of at least 10 banks formed into national currency associations. Individual banks applied directly to the Comptroller of the Currency for additional notes to be secured by state or local government bonds, and could receive notes up to 90% of the bonds’ market value. The associations were allowed to accept securities from a member bank, and then apply to the Comptroller for additional circulation for that member. On its left this note features a vignette of Benjamin Harrison, 23rd president of the United States. Harrison was included on the 1902 Series to honor his service given his death in 1901. Harrison was a grandson of President William Henry Harrison, and a great- grandson of Benjamin Harrison V, a signer of the Declaration of Independence. Benjamin Harrison was elected president in 1888, ousting Grover Cleveland, but lost his reelection to Cleveland a tumultuous four years later. Harrison was born on August 20, 1833, in North Bend, Ohio. The Harrisons were among the first families of Virginia, with roots stretching back to Jamestown. Harrison joined the Republican Party shortly after its formation in 1856, campaigning for national candidates and participating in local races. The Civil War interrupted Harrison's political aspirations, and he joined the Union Army as an officer, participating in Sherman's Atlanta Campaign, and rose to the rank of brigadier general. Harrison resumed his political career after the war, and was elected to the United States Senate in 1880, after several unsuccessful runs for office. Harrison supported the Republican Party positions of generous pensions for veterans and education for free blacks, but broke with his party to oppose the controversial Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882. Harrison ran a front porch campaign, receiving delegations and delivering speeches without traveling far afield. While Harrison won the Electoral College count, his election was fraught with corruption, and he lost the popular vote. Harrison died of pneumonia at his home in Indianapolis, Indiana, on March 13, 1901, at the age of 67, and was interred at the Crown Hill Cemetery there. As a national bank F&M’s first president was Dr. J. Hanson Thomas, and per his Baltimore Sun obituary on July 16, 1881: “In 1838 Dr. Thomas became a director in the Farmers and Merchants’ Bank of Baltimore, and in the succeeding year gave up the practice of medicine to assume the duties of president of the institution, which position he held for forty years, until 1879, when ill-health dictated his retirement. In 1865 he was the Whig candidate for the office of comptroller of the state treasury against William Pinkney Whyte, the democratic candidate, who was elected. He served several terms in the city council, and was one of the delegates elected on the state’s rights ticket to represent Baltimore city in the extra session of the Maryland Legislature, which met at Frederick, April 26, 1861, having previously exerted himself during the winter as a commissioner in the interest of peace. Along with other members of the Baltimore city delegation to the Frederick legislature, Dr. Thomas was arrested in Baltimore and sent successively to Forts McHenry, Monroe, Warren and Lafayette, undergoing in all about seven months of rigorous imprisonment.” Such was the time of Maryland as a border state during the Civil War. Finally this bank’s first cashier was James Sloan Jr., and per his Baltimore Sun obituary on May 14, 1900: “In 1862 Mr. Sloan became cashier of the bank, and was chosen president in 1878 to succeed John Hanson Thomas. The bank greatly increased in importance under his management, and Mr. Sloan quickly became recognized as one of the foremost financiers of the city. He attained this position through the possession of a masterful ability for financial affairs.” Sloan’s obituary goes on in approval: “Socially he was a genial entertainer and kept in close touch with the important events that transpired throughout the world, as well as with men of prominence in national life. He had accumulated a rich fund of information and was a most effective conversationalist, having definite views on subjects about which he was informed. An interesting phase of his character is his ready recognition of ability, wherever it was found, and his disregard of social distinction which did not have behind it brains and energy.” Paper Money * Nov/Dec 2020 * Whole No. 330 438 The Vivandière by Terry A. Bryan Wives and families marched along with armies in ancient times. Although women were not allowed in combat, there were many instances of their involvement, either when battle moved into rear areas, or when a woman hid her gender in order to serve. In France in the 1700s, wives were official aides to favored soldiers who were allowed to sell supplies to troops. Commanders sought to minimize foraging/deserting by troops seeking items outside of camp. Having a retail outlet within the army was an innovation. The French Revolution and subsequent European wars established women’s positions in the army as managers of the canteen (Post Exchange today), laundresses, nurses, sometime fighters, and providers of food and drink to soldiers under fire. Cantinière (lady purveyor) and vivandière (hospitable lady) were terms applied to these women. They were present in every French war up to 1890, and they eventually styled in uniform colors to match their army units. Their basic equipment was a brandy keg and water flask, perhaps with a basket of food. Items that were sold by these purveyors in camp were free to the troops during battle. Without official sanction, many patriotic American women served as vivandières during the Civil War. Few names are known, but women served as field nurses in all the major battles. Anna Ethridge of Detroit was awarded a medal for her bravery in battle, wounded while serving at Chancellorsville. Illustrator Felix O. C. Darley provided the American Bank Note Company with his drawing “Vivandière” in 1863 for a fee of $70.00. Darley called this composition an “end piece” because of its orientation suitable for the end of a bank note. Hessler attributes the engraving to Frederick Girsch, and identifies the vignette on an 1883 draft of the First National Bank of Greenville, Pennsylvania. The USPS issued a 20¢ stamp in honor of Dr. Mary Walker in 1982. She was only the second American woman medical school graduate. Her Civil War service as an army surgeon won her the Congressional Medal of Honor. She is the only woman with this award. The USPS American Commemoratives© series of souvenir cards used “The Vivandière” with other vignettes. The ABNCo. file folder for vignette 47451 notes the loan of the steel die to the Bureau of Engraving & Printing for the preparation of the 1982 USPS Dr. Mary Walker collectible. These gallant women appeared in images, drama and music. Donizetti’s operatic heroine Daughter of the Regiment was a vivandière. W. S. Gilbert wrote an operetta parody of it later. A ballet was produced in 1844. Modern Civil War reenactments often include ladies dressed as vivandières. Legendary Molly Pitcher of the Revolutionary War was a vivandière. Biography.com concludes that she is a composite of many women at or near battles who gave comfort to the wounded, and perhaps also manned the guns when their husbands fell wounded. Aside from those disguised as men, women officially entered the U. S. Army as nurses in 1901. The Women’s Army Corps in World War II served many non-combatant functions. 1947 saw the first woman commissioned into the U.S. Army. West Point’s first female cadets entered in 1976. In 2018, 16.5% of Army personnel were female. Stylish French vivandière from a postcard series. Her cart of goods and keg set the scene. Darley supplied this design to ABNCo. in 1863. The soldier is having his canteen filled. Water? Brandy? A jolly cantinière with her donkey cart sings to the troops in a drawing by Buval. Shown is a Music cover for melodies from a comic opera by Cramer, The Vivandière, 1895. Civil War lady, prepared to bring water or enlivening brandy, or to shoot you with her large pistol. Paper Money * Nov/Dec 2020 * Whole No. 330 439 References: Bryan, Terry A. “Art & Commerce Intersect: The Bank Note Vignettes Of Felix Octavius Carr Darley”. Paper Money, Vol. 46, Nov., 2007, Durand, Roger H. Interesting Notes about Vignettes. 2001. Gilder Lehman Institute at www.gilderlehrman.org. Haxby, James A. United States Obsolete Bank Notes. Krause, 1988. Hassler, Gene. The Engravers’ Line. BNR Press, 1993. www.biography.com site. www.enacademic.com site. www.militarywikia.org site. Newman Numismatic Portal, War History Online websites. United States Army at www.military.com/women/history. An ABNCo. clerk noted the die used on a USPS product. Company folders and file envelopes contained work orders, hardness test data and invoices. Many had a die proof glued on. Commemorative stamp souvenir cards used engraved vignettes from borrowed ABNCo. dies for almost 30 years of stamp issues. Heroic surgeon Dr. Mary Walker was commemorated in 1982. Paper Money * Nov/Dec 2020 * Whole No. 330 440 The P.N.B. and M.O.B. Rarities of the Small-Town U.S. Postal Note Offices by Kent Halland and Robert Laub With barely 2,100 surviving examples reported, United States Postal Notes issued from 1883 to 1894 are quite scarce. Depending on the quantity known from an office or of a specific design type, some can be classified as extremely rare because they are either unique or nearly so. This article will reveal the Postal Notes we believe are the scarcest of all—those issued by the small-town and rural post offices. Some bear clearly identifiable date stamps. Others are not so easily detected by the novice collector. Authorized on March 3, 1883 and first issued on September 3, 1883, Postal Notes were in use for just under 11 years. The last notes were issued on June 30, 1894. A total of 70,824,173 were requested by the public. This article will focus on the period from January 3, 1887 to June 30, 1894, but we’ll provide a brief background for those unfamiliar with Postal Notes. Of the 48,049 post offices in operation in 1883, Congress wisely stipulated the Postal Notes were to be issued only at the 6,243 existing Money Order Offices (and 73 stations of those offices) then in operation. This was decided because personnel at the Money Order Offices were already familiar with the procedures for issuing Money Orders, so learning how to issue the much simpler Postal Notes would require very little effort. The goal of course, was to minimize the risk of errors when issuing and redeeming the new Postal Notes while maximizing the likelihood of widespread public acceptance. An additional factor in the decision: most Money Order Offices had annual revenues in excess of $250, ensuring ample funds available for redeeming Postal Notes. The other 41,733 (smaller) post offices did not generate that much revenue, and often lacked the necessary cash on-hand for redemptions. One drawback in designating just the Money Order Offices to issue Postal Notes was sparsity of those offices in many areas. Smaller towns across the southern, central and western United States lacked Money Order Offices and had no access to the new Postal Note system. This created a problem: the rural and small-town populations had no safe means of sending money through the mail. A Change in the Law To alleviate this situation, Congress changed the law on January 3, 1887. It authorized the issuance, but not the redemption, of Postal Notes at selected smaller post offices--those with revenue less than $250 per year. These smaller offices were called Postal Note Offices. Postmasters at all post offices were encouraged to apply to be designated as a Postal Note Office. This is evident by the notice published in the January 7, 1887 edition of The Postal Bulletin. (See Figure 1). The 1887 legislation also changed the law to allow Postal Notes to be redeemed at any Money Order Office instead of a specific office. This immediately created the scarce (71 known) Type II-A Postal Notes with the words "Any Money Order Office" hand-written or rubber-stamped on the line where the location of the redeeming office was previously hand-written. (See Figures 2 and 3.)  Figure 1: Notice in the January 7, 1887 edition of the United States Postal Bulletin explaining the requirements for applying for the privilege of being designated as a Postal Note Office. Paper Money * Nov/Dec 2020 * Whole No. 330 441 Postmasters were instructed to enter those words during the issuance process so the outstanding supply of Type II Postal Notes could be depleted through use, rather than via an expensive and time-consuming recall. We estimate the nation’s Money Order Offices had over two million unissued Type II Postal Note forms on- hand at the time. In addition to the unissued notes at the Money Order Offices, about 4,000 booklets of blank Type II notes (two million notes) were also held in reserve. These were stored in a vault at the office of the Postal Note Agent located inside the Homer Lee Bank Note Company printing facility in New York. These had to be depleted as well, explaining why the Type II-A Postal Notes were being issued by some offices well into 1888. Astute Postal Note collectors know the 1887 legislation created problems with the wording on both the obverse and reverse of the Type II printing plates. More specifically, the engraved wording on the notes was invalidated by the new law, requiring modifications of the printing plates. These are the two issues requiring changes: 1) The sentence “This Note is also payable at office of issue within the same period.” on the obverse was now incorrect because the Postal Note Offices were prohibited from redeeming Postal Notes--even their own. (See Figure 4 below.) 2) The words “MUST DELIVER IT TO THE POSTMASTER AT THE PAYING OR AT THE ISSUING OFFICE” on the reverse were also factually incorrect. A Postal Note could now be redeemed at any Money Order Office; however, it could not be redeemed at the issuing office if it was a Postal Note Office. (See Figure 5 below.) To make the design comply with the legislation, Homer Lee’s engravers made changes to seven Type II printing plates bearing numbers 26 through 32. Those changes included: 1) Removal of the entire first sentence on the obverse of the note. In doing this, they neglected to move the second sentence to the location previously occupied by the first sentence. (See Figure 6 below.) 2) Changing the wording on the reverse of the note to “MUST DELIVER IT TO THE POSTMASTER AT ANY MONEY ORDER OFFICE”. (See Figure 7 below.) Figure 2: Obverse of a Type II-A Postal Note bearing serial number 001444 from Northwood, New Hampshire, issued May 2, 1888—over one year after the 1887 legislation. The reverse of the same note is shown below as figure 3. Paper Money * Nov/Dec 2020 * Whole No. 330 442 3) In the most recognized change, they engraved the words “ANY MONEY ORDER OFFICE” in a straight line on the obverse in the space where the same words were being rubber- stamped or hand-written on the Type II-A notes. This is where the town name was written on the Type II notes. (See Figure 8 below.) We believe the engraving changes were done in haste by the Homer Lee Bank Note Company between early February and August 14th, 1887, the last day of their contract. (American Bank Note Company’s contract commenced on August 15th, 1887 when they introduced the next Postal Note design, the Type IV.) In support of our belief, many of the Type III engraving changes are far less than perfect. Especially noticeable is the “hatchet job” where the text intersects the border of the circle to the right of the word “ORDER” on the reverse of some (but not all) of the Type III notes. (Visible at center right in Figure 7.) Postal Note Types are defined by the engraving details of their plates. Type III Postal Notes are considered the rarest of the series with only 56 examples known to exist. (See Figures 9 & 10.) The 1887 legislation also set the stage for Postal Notes that are much scarcer than the Type II-A and Type III. The Smaller Offices To facilitate the legislated change to allow smaller post offices to participate, the 1887 contract for Postal Notes was negotiated to include booklets containing 100, 200, 300, and 500 Postal Notes. Previously, all booklets contained 500 Postal Notes, requiring relatively high surety bonds. These smaller booklets allowed for a reduced size of the surety bond for any postmaster requesting their office to be approved as a Postal Note Office. This was significant because it made the bonds much more affordable for the smaller post offices. Prior to this, the minimum bond amount had been $2,500 and could now be as low as $500. The bond amount was based on the maximum value of the unissued Postal Notes in a booklet the office would receive. (I.e., a booklet of 100 Postal Notes required only a $500 bond, nearly equal to the maximum $499 value of unissued notes in the booklet.) Government records suggest 186 Postal Note Offices commenced operations on July 5, 1887. That number grew to 728 by the last day of issue of Postal Notes, June 30, 1894. During that period, some Postal Note Offices became Money Order Offices while others were discontinued. In all, 1,373 Postal Note Offices operated at one time or another between July 5, 1887 and June 30, 1894. Six States, Territories and Districts had no Postal Note Offices at all. By comparison, over 19,000 Money Order Offices operated during the same period throughout every State, Territory and District. (Postal Notes were not issued in Hawaii because it was not part of the United States until 1898.) The smaller Postal Note Offices, by virtue of their locations in less-populated areas, issued Postal Notes less frequently than their larger counterparts. Additionally, there were far fewer Postal Note Offices than Money Order Offices. Considering those two Figure 9: Obverse of Type III Postal Note #018286, issued at Trenton, NJ on February 3, 1888. Figure 10: Reverse of a Type III postal note (this is the reverse of the note shown in figure 9. Paper Money * Nov/Dec 2020 * Whole No. 330 443 factors, it is easy to understand why the Postal Notes issued at the Postal Note Offices are extremely rare. The Unique Date-Stamps For reasons not fully understood today, the decision was made to issue a special date-stamp to the newly authorized Postal Note Offices that commenced operations on July 5, 1887. Instead of the “M.O.B.” (Money Order Business) date- stamp (Figure 11 at right) used by the larger offices to mark the appropriate circle on the reverse of the Postal Notes, Postal Note Offices received date-stamps with the “P.N.B” (Postal Note Business) designation (Figure 12 below.) There are two different shapes of P.N.B. date-stamps known, with most being observed on 19th century covers (envelopes) rather than on Postal Notes. The earliest are octagonal, the later ones are round. The shapes are like the Money Order Office date- stamps of the same period, but the M.O.B. date-stamps are also seen in many other shapes and styles. Most date-stamps became standardized to the round shape by the 1890’s. Many collectors would not be aware of the P.N.B. cancellations had it not been for the efforts of the late Jim Noll, who maintained a census of known postal covers with P.N.B. date-stamp cancellations. He had no Postal Notes in his P.N.B. date-stamp census, nor were there any shown in his Postal Note census entitled “Index of U.S. Postal Notes in Collectors Hands”, last published in 2004. In support of Noll’s findings, we see the P.N.B. date-stamps were described as “postal-note stamps” and included among the supplies issued to the Postal Note Offices per Section 1429 of the 1887 postal Laws and Regulations. (Notice item 5 in Figure 13 below.) While the 1887 Postal Laws and Regulations officially became effective September 15, 1887, we believe the supplies listed in Section 1429 had already been provided to the inaugural Postal Note Offices established in July of 1887. Noll’s information about P.N.B. date-stamps was expanded upon and tabulated in Tom Koch’s article entitled “Cotton Gin puts Texas on scarce list of seen Postal Note Business cancels”, published in the Texas Postal History Society Journal, Vol. 35, No. 1 February 2010. Koch’s article mentions two Cotton Gin, Texas covers, each with the P.N.B. date-stamp cancellation. One of those is shown in Figure 14 at right. Additionally, Koch’s article contains a list of nineteen known covers with P.N.B. date-stamps from fourteen different small towns. Clearly, the P.N.B. date- stamps are scarce. Table 1 below shows an updated version of that list, now with a column for the date each Postal Note Offices was authorized to issue the notes. Surprisingly, no other P.N.B. covers have been reported since publication of the 2010 article; however, a few Postal Notes bearing the P.N.B. date-stamp of their issuing office have surfaced! (See Figure 15 at right.) This is exciting because any Postal Note with a P.N.B. date-stamp cancellation is an extremely desirable rarity. Of the roughly 2,100 Postal Notes reported, only the three recent examples exhibit the P.N.B. cancellation. Paper Money * Nov/Dec 2020 * Whole No. 330 444 Additionally, all three were issued by the same Postal Note Office, namely Mars Hill, North Carolina. The rarity of these three notes is amplified further by knowing that all were issued in amounts of $.40 or more—and to top that, all have been redeemed! Their issue amounts or redemption status alone would qualify them as rare, so having the P.N.B. cancellation places these notes among the rarest of all—regardless of condition. See Table 2 below for more information about those three notes. All three Mars Hill, NC notes are classified as Type IV-A, engraved and printed by the American Bank Note Company with date engraved as “189_”. (See Figures 16 to 21.) Figures 16 & 17: Mars Hill, NC Postal Note #96, obverse above and reverse below We have now identified the P.N.B. date-stamp as the obvious feature to look for when identifying this first major rarity of the Postal Notes issued at Postal Note Offices. But this applies only to roughly 955 Postal Note Offices that were issued P.N.B date-stamps from 1887 to 1891. Of the 955 offices designated through June 30, 1891, only 703 held the Postal Note Office designation on that date. As seen by the Mars Hill notes shown, the P.N.B. date-stamp continued to be used by the offices that received them prior to 1891. Figures 18 & 19: Mars Hill, NC Postal Note #98, obverse above & reverse below. Figures 20 & 21: Mars Hill, NC Postal Note #100, obverse above & reverse below. The Sleeper Notes The other rarity issued by the Postal Note Offices is one not easily recognized—not even by the most experienced Postal Note enthusiasts. Marshal Cushing, in his 1893 book entitled The Story of Our Post Office, stated the following: Paper Money * Nov/Dec 2020 * Whole No. 330 445 “Before December 1891, it was the practice of the Department not to extend the postal money order system to any post office where the compensation of the postmaster was less than $250 per annum, and not then, unless application was made for extension. But a year ago, Postmaster General Wanamaker issued an order for the extension of money order facilities to all post offices, though application might not be made for them, where the compensation of the postmaster is $200 or more per annum; and it was not left optional with the postmaster whether or not his office should be made a money order office. There were about five thousand post offices yielding this amount of compensation, which rapidly became money order offices.” The late 1891 order by Postmaster-General John Wanamaker coincides with the timeframe in which the Post Office Department began issuing M.O.B. date- stamps to the Postal Note Offices instead of the P.N.B. date-stamps. This change was apparently an effort to standardize the supplies used for all Money Order Offices (and Postal Note Offices.) The change is confirmed in the 1893 Postal Laws and Regulations, Section 1330, which shows M.O.B. date-stamps were to be issued with other supplies to the offices designated as Postal Note Offices. (See item 5 in Figure 22 below.) This change in date-stamp types created the second rare variety of Postal Note for the period 1892 to 1894. We'll refer to this rarity a “sleeper” because it appears normal in all aspects. It is in fact, exceedingly rare, being issued by Postal Note Offices for less than three years. These sleepers were issued by Postal Note Offices, yet they are indistinguishable from the Postal Notes issued by the larger and more numerous Money Order Offices. This is because they exhibit a M.O.B. date- stamp rather than the P.N.B. date-stamp. The reader needs to be aware that the pre-existing Postal Note Offices (authorized from 1887 to 1891) continued to use their P.N.B. date-stamps during the same period the sleepers were being issued by the newer Postal Note Offices. This means Postal Note Offices, depending on their establishment date, were issuing Postal Notes with either a P.N.B. or M.O.B. date-stamp cancellation from early 1892 to mid-1894. The only way to identify a sleeper note is to know if the issuing office was operating as a Postal Note Office on the date shown on the M.O.B. date-stamp on the note's reverse. There is only one sleeper Postal Note currently identified, making it unique. This Type V Postal Note was issued by postmaster Jules A. Sandoz of the town of Grayson in Sheridan County, Nebraska. There is a book, “Old Jules” written about this early Nebraska pioneer and postmaster. The author was his daughter, Mari Sandoz, a renowned Nebraska writer. (See Figure 23 below.) Likely, a souvenir, this sleeper note was issued for one cent on September 12, 1892. (See Figs 24 & 25 below.) Figure 23. Cover of novel entitled “Old Jules” by Mari Sandoz, daughter of postmaster Jules Sandoz. Paper Money * Nov/Dec 2020 * Whole No. 330 446 Amazingly, all dollar coupons remain attached—also a rare feature because all four of the dollar coupons were supposed to be removed from notes of less than a dollar. The Grayson post office was designated a Postal Note Office on April 4, 1892 and remained one until the last day of issue, June 30, 1894. The next day, Grayson became what is known as a Limited Money Order Office. This means all Postal Notes issued at Grayson, Nebraska were issued while Grayson was a Postal Note Office, and therefore, were "sleepers" with the M.O.B. date-stamp in the circle of the issuing office. Determining whether a Postal Note is a sleeper requires detailed information about the issuing office’s status on the date of issue. Was it a Money Order Office or was it a Postal Note Office? This information is scattered about in various documents and publications, but a definitive list of all Postal Note Offices is not yet readily available. (A list is being compiled.) We do know there were approximately 955 Postal Note Offices established in fiscal years 1887-1891 and 385 more Postal Note Offices were established in fiscal years 1892- 1894. These estimates are derived from the Annual Reports of the Postmaster-General for those years. The quantities in these reports show 1,340 offices established. There are discrepancies however, because detailed lists in other documents suggest a total of 1,373 Postal Note Offices operated at one time or another during these periods. Additional research is warranted. Table 3 below, lists the number of Postal Note Offices we believe were in operation in each State and Territory from 1887-1894. Some states and territories had no Postal Note Offices. (Hawaii did not yet exist as a State or Territory, so is omitted from the list.) To understand the rarity of Postal Notes issued by the smaller Postal Note Offices, we will compare the number of each type of office. More than 19,000 Money Order Offices were in operation at one time or another from 1887 to 1894, while only 1,373 Postal Note Offices were operating during the same period. So Postal Note Offices comprised barely seven percent of all offices issuing Postal Notes. Postal Note offices established between 1887 and 1891 were issued the P.N.B. date-stamps. They used them from the date each office received their date stamps through June 30, 1894. Presumably all offices that continued operations were issued a new M.O.B. date-stamp for use beginning July 1, 1894. However, some P.N.B. examples are known on covers beyond that date. (See Table 1.) The Postal Note offices established from 1892 to 1894 were issued M.O.B. date-stamps and used them through June 30, 1894 and likely beyond. Most Postal Note Offices became Limited Money Order Offices or regular Money Order Offices on July 1, 1894. In either case, they would continue using their M.O.B. date-stamp. For anyone that is detail-oriented, you may have seen documents stating the number of inaugural Postal Note Offices was 187. In actuality, the published list of offices established on July 5, 1887 shows 188 offices. However, two of those offices failed to post their surety bond on time and did not receive authorization to operate as Postal Note Offices until October of 1887. Therefore, 186 is the correct number of inaugural Postal Note Offices. We know hundreds of towns had Postal Note Offices, but examples of their Postal Notes are non-existent, except for the examples we are aware of from Mars Hill, North Carolina and Grayson, Nebraska. Perhaps one day, a Postal Note will surface from another small town such as Sprinkle, Texas, which had a Postal Note Office from October 10, 1889 until it was converted to a Limited Money Order Office on July 1, 1894. (A Limited Money Order Office could issue Money Orders but could not redeem them.) No Postal Notes are known from Sprinkle (now a ghost town), but it sure would be exciting to discover one to accompany the 1893 image of the Sprinkle post office and patrons shown in Figure 26 below. If you believe you have one of the rarities we have described, we will be happy to hear from you! If you wish to contact the authors, Kent can be reached at proeds@sbcglobal.net and Robert can be reached at briveadus2012@yahoo.com. Paper Money * Nov/Dec 2020 * Whole No. 330 447 $1 1918 FRBN Out-of-Range Numbered Note Discovery by Peter Huntoon David Grant, a careful observer and collector of subtle varieties, has discovered the first recorded instance of an out-of-range serial number on a $1 Series of 1918 Federal Reserve Bank Note. Similar out-of-range serials numbers were discovered by type note specialist Doug Murray on other large size FRNs and FRBNs. I profiled them in an article in Paper Money that appeared in 2017. However, at that time, we were not aware of any examples from the Series of 1918 $1 FRBNs. Dave’s discovery is the first, and as such represents a very exciting discovery. Murray also found out-of-range serials on $1 and $5 Series of 1899 silver certificates. An article on those will be forthcoming in Paper Money. Our work on the silver certificates revealed that when signature changes occurred during this era, Figure 1. H9884655A among these notes arranged in serial number order from the bottom up carries the obsolete signatures of Attebery-Wells in the midst of the Attebery-Biggs range. Paper Money * Nov/Dec 2020 * Whole No. 330 448 the BEP personnel began to send the plates with the new signature combination to press as they became available but also continued to print from plates with the obsolete combination. They segregated the production from the two. The sheets bearing the new combination progressed to the serial numbering division, but those with the obsolete combination were stockpiled. Once the last of the plates with the obsolete combination wore out, the stockpiled sheets were numbered as one group and inserted in serial number order within the serial number run that otherwise was being used to number the new combination, thus explaining the out- of-range numbers. David has been recording serial numbers for other St. Louis FRBNs and found another sizable example of previously unrecorded out-of-range serials in the $5s. They involve some Fr. 797 notes that appear after the first Fr. 798. Here are the observed serials that bracket the changeover. Notice that four Attebery-Biggs notes follow the first recorded appearance of a White-Biggs on H1192141A. Fr.797 H1089102A Attebery-Biggs Fr.797 H1156925A Attebery-Biggs Fr.798 H1192141A White-Biggs Fr.797 H1204793A Attebery-Biggs Fr.797 H1205053A Attebery-Biggs Fr.797 H1214386A Attebery-Biggs Fr.797 H1215686A Attebery-Biggs Fr.798 H1220018A White-Biggs Fr.798 H1220164A White-Biggs So far, the production of out-of-range groups in the FRNs and FRBNs doesn’t appear to have occurred frequently based on the number of such cases that have been discovered. However, there were a large number of Treasury and bank signature changes and numerous denominations to contend with in the 1914 and 1918 series so we expect to see additions to this club once people start looking for them. It is possible that the phenomenon will prove to be more common than currently appears once more census data are accumulated. Out-of-range serials can be spotted easily spotted among the large size FRNs and FRBNs using the available Gengerke census. As the census grows, so will the population of out-of-range notes. The hard way to find them is for collectors to spot out-of-range serials in runs of notes that they assemble, which is what Dave did. Dave cautions that if you enjoy discoveries like this, you can’t be a condition crank because the name of the game is to accumulate a lot of notes of the same denomination from the same series and same Federal Reserve district because that is what it takes. If you are a critical connoisseur of such varieties and you read the literature, you will discover that the explanation I proposed for the out-of-range FRNs and FRBNs in 2017 differs from that provided here. Live and learn, and eat crow along the way. Reference Cited and Sources of Data Gengerke, Martin, on-demand, The Gengerke census of large size currency: gengerke@aol.com. Huntoon, Peter, Nov-Dec, Large size Federal Reserve Bank Notes: Paper Money, v. 50, p. 415-434. Huntoon, Peter, Nov-Dec 2017, Stockpiling caused out-of-range serial numbers in the large size FRNs and FRBNs: Paper Money, v. 56, p. 421-424. Huntoon, Peter, forthcoming, Large size type note signature changeover protocols created scarce serial number varieties: Paper Money. Paper Money * Nov/Dec 2020 * Whole No. 330 449 U N C O U P L E D : PAPER MONEY’S ODD COUPLE Joseph E. Boling Fred Schwan Art from Warrington—part 3 This is the third installment of a series presenting Warrington’s new approach to separating collectors from their pounds. This is mostly graphic art of his own design that he appends to lower value notes with a fanciful story about its purpose. Some of his new work has a basis in history, and some consists of removing ink from polymer notes and selling them as errors (none of those are included in the notes illustrated in this issue). He is presently selling under the eBay handle citygroundhero-6, and displaying his address as Irvin Santiago in Leicester, UK. The PayPal money all goes into an account belonging to Sameir A’lseyuote and the merchandise is mailed from S. Alseyo in Warrington. The figure numbers are continued from last time, beginning at figure 51. That is a note of Malaya and British Borneo decorated with a full color coat of arms printed on the watermark window. The technology is inkjet. Figure 52 is another rendition of the same coat of arms, in much less vivid colors. Figure 51 Figure 52 See Boling page 452 Idle Tire Program Checks It is quite remarkable how scarce checks from the World War II era are. That goes for private as well as government checks. Untold billions of both were issued, distributed, redeemed, and then ultimately destroyed. Often they were stored for years and even decades between redemption and destruction, but they still were mostly destroyed. After all, of what value were the old redeemed checks? Who would want them? What good were they? Well, I would want them. They are historic relics. They were and are history in your hands. So why were any saved at all? Of course there were cases of random survival—checks left in books, for example. It is very likely that this very weekend groups of cancelled checks representing life-times of transactions were thrown into the trash upon the deaths of the writers of the checks. Few such groups make it to antique shops, eBay, or even garage sales. That is a tragedy. Such groups are interesting financial records of people and times. In spite of all of this, some checks were deliberately saved. These checks do tend to be more interesting and even historic. The two main reasons that checks were deliberately saved and stored, and thus survived, is that they were written by someone who was well known or were for absurdly low amounts. In the latter case, then as now, people tend to keep low value government checks as testimony to government absurdity! The first checks that we will look at today are really unusual. Basically the two checks in question are the low amount government check collection of Gerald Walton of Geneva, Nebraska. Perhaps two pieces is a bit small to constitute a collection, but the two checks must have been deliberately kept initially, then retained over the ensuing decades. Which to discuss first? Chronological order is as good as any other and that approach builds the suspense. The March 18, 1938 Washington, D. C. Paper Money * Nov/Dec 2020 * Whole No. 330 450 Treasury check for 32 cents is made out to Benjamin Franklin Walton. The name alone would qualify this check for a place in my collection. The check was an “Old Age Benefit payment!” That fact is printed at the bottom left of the check. In 1938 the 32 cents would have bought at least six cups of coffee or perhaps a small lunch at a diner. Still, Benjamin elected to keep the check. Even if he did not actively decide to keep rather than cash it, he did not cash it and he kept it. Overall it is a very nice Treasury check. Probably the first thing that jumps out at you is the large numeral five to the left of the main Treasury legend. I am quite sure that this is an aid for sorting. The problem is that I am not quite certain how the system worked. For a long time, I just assumed that these sorting numbers corresponded to the Federal Reserve districts, but now I believe that that is not correct. More on this below. The serial number is quite low at 105,382. I will put it on my list of research projects to find out about “Old Age Benefit payments.” There are some other interesting numbers on the check. The number 1384502 below the Walton name is probably some sort of identification number akin to a Social Security number. The number at the bottom right 894-500 is the identification number of the disbursing officer whose signature is printed just above. The last number for consideration is just below “States” of Treasurer of the United States? What does 15-51 mean? It is the check routing number. This is the format used in the days before magnetic ink character recognition (MICR) routing numbers were developed. At the time these checks were written, if you were making a deposit of multiple checks, each was listed individually on the back of the deposit slip, and identified by the routing number. See now the check with the “1” sorting number. After all, since the checks have sorting numbers, we might as well sort by them! This is another Treasury check. It is made out to Gerald Walton, also of Geneva, Nebraska (population 1888 ca 1949). The Waltons must have been related. It probably is possible to determine the relationship between these two. Although also a Treasury check, this one is from the Federal Reserve Branch Bank, Omaha, Nebraska. This one is for all of 20 cents. The February 15, 1943 date is in the heart of World War II and a matter of great interest to us. The serial number (2,387,072) is much larger than the one on the first check, but the sequences are certainly different based on the different Treasury offices and agencies involved. The same routing number 15-51 appears below “States,” just as it did on the first check. This is actually quite surprising, because different offices in the sprawling Treasury payment system issued these checks. I would have expected them to have different routing numbers. The disbursing officer’s identification number appears at the lower right, but his details are presented differently. It is even possible that the signature is hand written. Additional letters (DSC) are at the lower left with three handwritten initials. We will learn the identification of the DSC in a moment. Finally, the best part. As interesting as these two checks are, there is more. The agency paying Gerald Walton was the Reconstruction Finance Corporation. This agency existed 1932-1957. Its initial mission was to provide depression recovery loans to railroads, banks, and businesses. Within a few months that expanded to agriculture and state and local public works projects. When the US mobilized for WWII, it built defense plants. Still accompanying the check after more than 75 years is the support voucher for the 20 cent check. The document was issued by the Defense Supply Corporation. The federal government had a program to purchase tires and other important materials from Paper Money * Nov/Dec 2020 * Whole No. 330 451 citizens. The program was administered by the DSC, which apparently was part of the Reconstruction Finance Corporation. On November 18, 1942 Gerald Walton offered a tire to the United States using DSC Form T-24 (barely legible at top left of the form). He could have received war savings stamps in payment, but thankfully he elected to receive the 20 cent check that we have been discussing. The form was finished with a rubber stamp in the bottom right with the date February 15, 1943, which is also the date on the check. There is one more point of interest on the form. It seems to have a sorting number. I do not have any other idea for the purpose of the large 3 at top center, but it does not seem to fit in with the sorting numbers on the checks either. Now we have a check specifically supporting the program in the title of this column. I think that it is quite remarkable that we have a second Reconstruction Finance Corporation/Defense Supply Corporation check for comparison (see the other “1” check, for $6.55). The two checks were issued two weeks and a million checks apart. This earlier check is from the Federal Reserve Branch Bank Jacksonville, Florida. It is a bit of a surprise to me that both checks have the same disbursing officer, number 13-425. But note also that both checks are signed “FOR CASHIER.” Wherever that cashier was, his or her responsibilities were being executed widely. This check clearly states that it was drawn in payment for the DSC Idle Tire Program (see lower left). This text seems to have been applied by machine at the same time as the date, amount, and payee information. Mr. Walton’s tire had been appraised as “scrap.” Tire seller Ketterle either had a better condition tire or several tires; this check is for much more than 20 cents. I am preparing materials on other types of World War II checks for next time, but will be happy to correct or supplement any of the information above if you have something to add or correct. Please write fredschwan@yahoo.com. Thanks to Jims Aitken and Downey for providing some of the images for this report. Boling continued: A successor state to the afore-named British colony is Malaysia. Figure 53 is a different coat of arms on a Malaysian note. Figure 53 Switching continents, we see an old rubber stamp used in a new way. This is a real rubber stamp, not an inkjet image. I have no idea whether it is 75+ years old or was made to his order by one of the stamp purveyors offering their products online. The original numismatic use of this stamp was validating the German Behelfzahlungsmittel notes that were issued as emergency currency in Greece during the wartime hyperinflation. Warrington uses this stamp with an inkjet image of the accompanying Greek stamp on the emergency notes. On this Albanian note, he is using it simply to add apparent value to an otherwise undistinguished note. He formerly decorated any handy watermark window with Nazi rubber stamps. Now he has converted to printing his fanciful artwork on those same watermark windows. Figure 54 Figure 55 is a note of Cameroon with another coat of arms on its watermark window. He sold two of these, one identified as North Cameroon and the other as Ambazonia Republic. Watch for other “North” notes below; he loves to invent new governments to “issue” his inventions. Figure 55 Figure 56 is the first of several crests that he has designed for “North Syria.” This is his name for the Paper Money * Nov/Dec 2020 * Whole No. 330 452 Syrian rebels who once seemed close to knocking Assad out of power. Warrington has taken ordinary Syrian notes, added one of these coats of arms and a geographic title, and sells them at a rapid clip. Figures 56-61 are different designs used on his notes of “North Syria.” Figure 56 Figure 57 Figure 58 Figure 59 Figure 60 Figure 61 Figure 62 is a parallel note for “North Yemen,” the Saudi-backed forces fighting the Houthi rebels in Yemen. As with many of these illustrations, the same crest can appear on notes of several denominations. He has also called notes with this crest Sanaa Commemorative, Aden Commemorative, and Yemen or North Yemen Arab republic. Figure 62 Figure 63 is from another “North,” North Vietnam. He sold this note (same serial number) without the overprint for one pound on 5 January 2020. Since nothing ever goes unsold, he must have a shill bidder running through the entire offering each week seeding them with one-pound bids. After adding the overprint, he sold it on 8 March 2020 for 31 pounds. He labeled this as a “Ho Chi Minh 25th War Anniversary” note. The green and yellow element with three vertical red stripes at the top is the US military service ribbon for troops who spent time in Vietnam. It is inconceivable that today’s Vietnamese government would use that design as a commemorative of the Vietnam war. A’lseyuote’s grasp of history is sometimes laughably weak. Figure 64 is a Pakistani note bearing a tughra design on its watermark window. This is another example of his combining elements nonsensically. The several tughra were signature seals of Ottoman sultans, and have no connection with Pakistan beyond the fact that both were governments of Muslim nations. Figure 64 Figure 65 is one of several designs used to doctor Polish notes. Figures 66-68 are more of the same. All of these are printed on the watermark windows of many Polish note types. Figure 65 Figure 66 Figure 67 Figure 68 Figure 63 Paper Money * Nov/Dec 2020 * Whole No. 330 453 Figure 69 Figure 69 is a Putin overprint on an obsolete Russian note. Figure 70 is a Russian line crosser’s pass for German soldiers, cobbled onto the back of a Reichskreditkassenschein 5 mark note from WWII. Like the propaganda texts overprinted on Japanese homeland notes that we saw in part 2 of this series of columns, the pass was never intended to be printed on notes; for one thing, it is almost illegible on that background. Figure 70 Figure 71 is one of several designs of fancy overprints on South Vietnamese notes. Figures 72-74 are other examples. Figure 71 Figure 72 Figure 73 Figure 74 And finally figure 75 is a similar decoration on a Singapore note. He sold this note undoctored in January 2020 for 16 pounds. I don’t know how he ended up with it again, but after adding the overprint, he sold it in March for 70 pounds. He frequently sells the doctored notes more than once; evidently buyers are returning them for a refund (which he is always quick to provide; thus very few negative feedbacks). One of his Fezzan products was sold five times. Most of these decorated pieces sell for single digit prices up to about 35 pounds. The highest I noted in a quick run through was the note in figure 51, which sold for 134 pounds. This was intended to be a four-column series, but while we have been progressing through them, Warrington has been hard at work inventing new fantasies. There will probably be enough to run a fifth column. Next issue will be #4. As I cautioned last time, some of these notes will be re-sold. Watch for them to appear outside of eBay. There are many of some of them. Figure 75 Paper Money * Nov/Dec 2020 * Whole No. 330 454 To order, please call toll-free: 1-800-546-2995 Online: www.whitman.com Email: customerservice@whitman.com Mention code USPM7 at checkout to receive FREE SHIPPING - expires 03/01/2021 AVAILABLE NOW A Guide Book of United States Paper Money The Guide Book of United States Paper Money is a collector’s guide to U.S. paper currency from the Civil War era to date. This detailed reference provides a catalog and price guide for notes from $10,000 down to $1 face value, Treasury notes of the War of 1812, encased postage stamps, Fractional Currency, and error notes. It also covers hobby topics such as signatures on U.S. currency; grading standards; star notes; the Bureau of Engraving and Printing; how cash is designed, printed, and distributed; and how to collect, store, and care for collectible paper money. The fully updated seventh edition builds on the critically acclaimed first through sixth editions, which have solidly established this book’s reputation as a popular and best-selling hobby reference. By Arthur and Ira Friedberg. RECEIVE FREE SHIPPING! Only $24.95! 7th Edition ORDER NOW! FULL-COLOR ILLUSTRATIONS 6 x 9 INCHES · SOFTCOVER · 416 PAGES Chump Change Loren Gatch Book Review Joshua R. Greenberg, Banknotes and Shinplasters: The Rage for Paper Money in the Early Republic (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2020). It’s a curious thing about money that it works best when people stop paying attention to it. This can lead to absurd results, such as when people are fooled by currency clearly labeled “Motion Picture Money”, or which features the Chinese characters of teller training notes. What such episodes suggest is that when money is taken for granted it becomes, in a very real sense, invisible. This intuition animates Joshua R. Greenberg’s social history of money during antebellum America. A fascinating period of currency chaos, the circulating medium of the early republic consisted of thousands of different notes issued by state banks and other financial institutions. Often trading at discounts to par or worse, depending upon the reputation and solvency of the issuer, negotiating this welter of circulating currency demanded a certain practical expertise. Anybody guileless enough to accept such notes at face value often did so at their own financial peril. Greenberg’s overall theme is that, under these shifting conditions, ordinary people necessarily cultivated a consciousness of, and familiarity with, the sensuous aspects of money as a material artifact—how it looked, felt, and even smelt, as indicators of its validity. Much as the sociologist Viviana Zelizer argued in The Social Meaning of Money (1995), Greenberg contends that Americans confronted the uncertainties of impersonal monetary exchange by personalizing their relationship to money: discriminating between different types of paper money and even altering it through scribbling and tearing. Beginning with a vivid sketch of the currency conditions in tiny Monroe, Michigan, Greenberg proceeds to examine various aspects of antebellum Americans’ engagement with the physical appearance and attributes of their disordered paper money. Part I of the book begins with the professional note brokers who traveled the country seeking to profit from arbitrage opportunities created by fluctuating banknote values. Anyone wishing to avoid being fleeced by such operators had to acquire their own knowledge of banknote values, in part by staying abreast of the specialized financial literature of the day. Negotiating such values also reflected the prevailing class, race, and gender dynamics of early America. Currency knowledge invariably pertained to its physical attributes, and in Part II Greenberg turns to how issuers sought to use the iconography, language, and even signatures on banknotes to signal their value. For their part, users of banknotes were quite ready to deface, annotate, and rip them apart to serve their needs. Part III steps back from the everyday practice of monetary transactions to consider some of the political context and debates about money. While this ground has been covered by other authors, Greenberg brings a new perspective by linking Jacksonian era controversies about banking and currency to peoples’ lived experiences with banknotes, particularly through the lenses of the Loco Foco movement and the debate about small-denomination bills. The Civil War brought a consolidation of the monetary system and the end to state banknote circulations. As paper money assumed a more standard appearance, the public adjusted its expectations accordingly. One price of this standardization, Greenberg avers, was the erosion of a certain critical competence on the part of the general public regarding currency and its usage. No longer obliged to sort good paper money from counterfeits, stump-tail, red dog, or other uncurrent rags, Americans became disengaged from the politics of finance. It’s always an open question whether the curated anecdotes of social history add up to solid generalizations about the past. For the period it covers, this is an excellent book that complements more traditional, top-down accounts of the same terrain. Ultimately, Greenberg claims too much for the mystifications wrought by money. Once Americans lost the habit of scrutinizing their money, he seems to imply, they lost the critical capacity to make sense of modern finance. This cuts the American people way too little slack. If there are certain questions about money and its nature that we no longer litigate, it may be because we have simply chosen not to. A less occult explanation would instead look to the politics of money at crucial historical junctures to explain why we’ve stopped squabbling about goldbugs and greenbacks. Conversely, whatever we think of them, movements like Occupy Wall Street or the Tea Party wouldn’t have emerged without certain folk understandings about what transpired in 2007-2009. Greenberg seems too ready to take at face value the conceits of Wall Street ‘quants’ and the banksters who enabled them. Yes, modern financial derivatives are more esoteric artifacts than what passed for currency in early Monroe, Michigan. But any street corner punk who ever played “policy” or “the numbers” would readily recognize the real games that are being played at the heart of modern finance. Paper Money * Nov/Dec 2020 * Whole No. 330 456 $ m a l l n o t e $ 1928 $10 St. Louis Transitional-Green Seal Star by Jamie Yakes An interesting $10 Series of 1928 Federal Reserve Note appeared in a 2009 Heritage Auction.1 It was a St. Louis star with serial number H00146517, face plate I12 and back plate 178 (see Figure 1). The Bureau of Engraving and Printing (BEP) applied that serial number in September 1932, at the tail end of the use of transitional-green seals on 1928 FRNs and just before the change to the use of yellow-green seals prominent on FRNs numbered onwards from 1933. The BEP last used St. Louis 1928 face plate 12 in December 1929, and it bears the typical numbered federal reserve district seals originally used on small-size FRNS until replaced with a letter district seal in 1929-30. The BEP consumed most sheets of 1928 $5s, $10s and $20s by 1931, and until now those sheets displayed only dark green seals. This $10 St. Louis star dispels that thinking and shows that stocks of number seal sheets, at least of this variety, remained into 1933 to be mingled with letter-seal sheets and numbered with the lighter green seals prevalent that year. Changes to Seals and Inks, 1929-1932 The first small-size FRNs had district seals with numerals to denote the federal reserve banks. After the notes were released, the Treasury Department began receiving criticism that some of the district numbers could be confused as a counter for the denomination: Kansas City $5s, for instance, displayed prominent 5s in all four corners on the face as well as a large 10 in the district seal to Lincoln’s left. Public Debt Commissioner William Broughton got word of the criticism regarding the seals and contacted BEP Assistant Director Henry Bond. Together they queried the governors of the Federal Reserve banks for their positions on the seals, and the governors overwhelmingly voted to replace the number in the seals with the district letter. Broughton and Bond directed that decision to BEP Director Alvin Hall, who wasted no time putting the changes into motion.2 BEP employees began creating new dies of the seals for each district in July 1929, and new rolls in August. A die was small metal plate that contained an incuse engraving of the traditional district seal now with a large letter in the circle instead of a number. A roll was a cylindrical metal piece impressed onto a die under pressure and the image of the seal transferred to the roll and sat in relief on the roll’s surface. Siderographers, BEP employees who created intaglio plates, used rolls to transfer the seals onto each of the 12 subjects on standard intaglio face plates that already had the denominational frame and portrait laid-in. The BEP began making face plates with letter seals for all types starting in September 1929. For the new design, they advanced the series to 1928B for $5s, $10s and $20s, and 1928A for $50s and $100s, but retained 1928 for higher denominations. They certified the first plate, a Boston $500, on September 26, and sent the first plates to press, Boston $10s, on October 8. For St. Louis $10s, the BEP began making 1928B faces on September 17 and certified the first plate on October 4. They sent the first plate to press on November 8. Still in use at the time for St. Louis were 1928 faces 10, 11 and 12, and 1928A faces 1, 2, 3 and 4. When the BEP began numbering small-size FRNs in July 1928, they applied the treasury seals and serial numbers with a dark green ink. This ink color persisted until 1931, when it became lighter and resembled a hunter- green or kelly-green; collectors have termed those seals transitional green seals. The ink color continued to lighten well into the later months of 1932, until it finally became a bright yellow-green by January 1933 (see Figures 2, 3 Fig 1. Series of 1928 St. Louis $10 star with an uncharacteristic light-green seal and serial numbers. Normally, this variety would have a dark-green seal and serials. (Scan courtesy of Heritage Auction Galleries.) Paper Money * Nov/Dec 2020 * Whole No. 330 457 and 4). Collectors call those seals light-green seals, and they are highly desired. FRNs would appear with yellow- green seals until 1937-38. 1929 Sheet with “1932” Seal The $10 St. Louis star note profiled here was printed from face plate 12, the last $10 1928 St. Louis plate made by the BEP. They dropped that face from use on December 7, 1929. The BEP applied the seal and serial number H00146517 almost three years later on September 19, 1932, in a numbering run that consisted of serials H00120000 to H0168000. The BEP printed sheets from face 12 in a group of press runs from November 1929 to January 1930. Those runs included the final uses of 1928 and 1928A faces and the initial uses of 1928B faces. They began a press run on November 11, 1929, using two presses with 1928 faces 9, 10, 11 and 12, and 1928A faces 1, 2, 3 and 4. Early in the run they replaced 1928 face 9 with 1928B face 2, and later 1928A face 2 with 1928B face 7. They dropped all eight faces on November 27. The BEP began the final run with 1928 faces on November 17, 1929, and ended it on January 9, 1930. They used one press with 1928B faces 3, 4, 5 and 6, and replaced all of them at various times with 1928 faces 10 and 12, and 1928B faces 2, 7, 8, 9 and 13. They ended the run on January 9, with 1928B faces 7, 8, 9 and 13. The next press run for $10 St. Louis notes commenced January 23 with four 1928B faces. The light green seal 1928 St. Louis star proves that at least a small stockpile of 1928 and possibly 1928A sheets from those final press runs survived for three years before being sealed and numbered. This is supported by three 1928B star notes with serials from the same September 1932 numbering run that display identical seal colors. One of those 1928B notes3 has serial H00135995 and face plate 7, which the BEP used in a press run with 1928 face 12. The two other 1928B notes4,5 have serials H00149864 and H00154784, and faces 17 and 18, respectively (see Figure 5). The BEP used those faces for the first time on January 23, 1930, after all 1928 faces had been removed from service. It’s obvious they compiled sheet piles for the September 1932 numbering run with sheets from multiple press runs printed over the prior years. Figs. 2, 3, 4. Series of 1928 (t) and 1928B (m, b) notes showing the variety of seal and serial number colors used on 1928- series FRNs. The top note shows the early dark green seal used into the early 1930s. The middle note shows the transitional seal—not dark, but not quite light. The bottom note shows the vivid, light green ink used during the last few years of 1928 FRN production. (Scans courtesy of Randy Vogel.) Paper Money * Nov/Dec 2020 * Whole No. 330 458 Transitional-green and yellow-green seals and serial numbers are rare on Series of 1928 $5, $10 and $20 FRNs. The Heritage Auction Archives6 contain no St. Louis 1928 or 1928A $10 notes with regular serials printed after October 1930. This indicates most sheets from those press runs in late 1929 were consumed within a year after being printed. This lighter-green 1928 $10 St. Louis star stands as a significant anomaly. Notes with yellow-green seals and serials of 1933 vintage draw high collector interest and command significant premiums over notes with other colors. Yellow-green seal notes appear only on 1928B, 1928C and 1928D notes for $5s, $10 and $20s. This 1928 $10 St. Louis star is the latest a 1928 sheet has been documented as being sealed and numbered. It signifies an increased probability that 1928 and 1928A sheets for other districts lasted in the BEP’s storage rooms before being sealed and numbered. Many 1928B varieties with yellow-green seals and serials are extremely scarce. Just imagine the excitement that would be caused by a 1928 or 1928A note numbered in 1933 with a vibrant yellow green seal! Sources Cited 1. Heritage Auction Galleries Research Auction Archives. https://currency.ha.com/itm/federal-reserve-notes/fr-2000-h-10- 1928-federal-reserve-note-pmg-about-uncirculated-55/a/3506-14125.s?ic4=GalleryView-Thumbnail-071515. Accessed October 26, 2019. 2. Yakes, Jamie. “Search Clears Up 1928 Seals Change.” Bank Note Reporter 60, no. 5 (2011, May): 1. 3. Heritage Auction Galleries Research Auction Archives. https://currency.ha.com/itm/federal-reserve-notes/fr-2002-h-10- 1928b-federal-reserve-note-pmg-choice-uncirculated-64-epq/a/3506-14161.s?ic16=ViewItem-BrowseTabs-Inventory- BuyNowFromOwner-ArchiveSearchResults-012417&lotPosition=0|3. Accessed October 26, 2019. 4. Heritage Auction Galleries Research Auction Archives. https://currency.ha.com/itm/federal-reserve-notes/fr-2002-h-10- 1928b-light-green-seal-federal-reserve-note-pmg-very-fine-30/a/3551-26797.s?ic16=ViewItem-BrowseTabs- Inventory-BuyNowFromOwner-ArchiveSearchResults-012417&lotPosition=0|2. Accessed October 26, 2019. 5. Heritage Auction Galleries Research Auction Archives. https://currency.ha.com/itm/federal-reserve-notes/fr-2002-h-10- 1928b-federal-re//serve-star-note-pmg-choice-very-fine-35/a/142015-82510.s?ic4=GalleryView-Thumbnail-071515. Accessed August 9, 2020. 6. Heritage. https://currency.ha.com/heritage-auctions-hall-of-fame-best-prices-realized.s?ic=Tab-Resources-AuctionArchives- 122214. Searches for “Fr. 2000-H” and “Fr. 2001-H.” Accessed October 26, 2019. References Huntoon, Peter. Dates when the Series of 1928 Federal Reserve Notes were sealed and serial numbered. Data from the Bureau of Engraving and Printing, 1929-1935. Personal communication. Record Group 318-Bureau of Engraving and Printing: Entry P1, “Ledgers Pertaining to Plates, Rolls and Dies, 1870s-1960s,” Containers 135 (FRN dies), 137 (FRN rolls) and 146 (1928 FRN plate histories). National Archives and Records Administration, College Park, Maryland. Fig 5. Series of 1928B $10 St. Louis with a light green seal and seal characteristic for  the series. This note is from the same serial numbering run as the light‐green seal  1928 FRN. (Scan courtesy of Heritage Auction Galleries.)  Paper Money * Nov/Dec 2020 * Whole No. 330 459 The Obsolete Corner The Safford, Hudson & Co. Bankers by Robert Gill Collecting Obsolete Currency is my passion, especially in sheet form. I will try to go after a sheet that I don't have, regardless of what state it is from, when it becomes available. And trying to land something from the State of Arizona is almost impossible. But several years ago a small group of Mexican Silver Receipts came on the market. Since then, virtually all of these sheets, printed in a two-note format, have been cut into "singles". But fortunately, I was able to land both denominations that were printed for a small company that did business in the Tucson, Arizona, area, for a short, few years. And that operation was The Safford, Hudson & Company, Bankers. In the late 1870s, Tucson and southern Arizona experienced a growing economy, fueled by the presence of the United States military and Indian agencies, as well as by new mining discoveries at Tombstone. Tucson continued to prosper as the end of Indian hostilities encouraged new industry. Demand for financial services increased as businessmen required cash and bills of exchange to conduct their affairs. Merchants, who engaged in the largest volume of exchange, gradually filled the gap by performing services normally associated with a bank. By 1878, the region needed a bank with large capital resources to handle the ever-growing number of financial transactions. The transcontinental railroad had reached Yuma the year before, and was pushing eastward. Speculation soared when news arrived of a silver strike at Tombstone. In this expectant atmosphere, Charles Hudson decided to organize and operate a bank, an institution that southern Arizona would surely need to achieve its full economic potential. Hudson arrived in the area sometime around 1875, and quickly built a reputation as a diligent businessman. He also made valuable connections with many of the Territory’s leading men. By mid-1878, Hudson and Territorial Governor P.K. Safford were appointed Resident Directors of the Southern Pacific Railroad of Arizona. It was later that fall that Hudson focused his energies on organizing a bank. Along that same time, Safford’s term as Territorial Governor had ended. He agreed to contribute money and his name to the venture. The new firm would be called Safford, Hudson & Company, Bankers. The former governor’s credentials would provide local recognition as well as entrée to eastern capitalists. Safford, Hudson & Company, Bankers, not only provided for the deposit and transfer of money, but also offered both checking accounts and certificate of deposit savings accounts. It also transferred funds by telegraph, and provided credit and cash by lending money, and purchasing or making cash advances on gold or silver bullion, territorial and county bonds and warrants, approved commercial paper and more. The business experienced nothing but success during its first two years. Then, beginning in early 1881, it suffered a series of setbacks. Not only did bad business decisions hurt the institution. In June of that year, a fire consumed the building, but quick thinking saved all the money, valuables and operational books of the bank. Operations were temporarily moved to the Wells Fargo & Company office. Within a couple of weeks, a permanent office was opened in the Tribolet Business District. Hudson applied for a national banking charter in November of 1881. But several factors kept the company from reorganization as a National Bank. Inability to meet federal regulations, and a reputation for making high-risk loans, were two of the main reasons. Although Hudson’s plans for attaining national bank status came to naught, he was determined to continue regional banking operation status. In January of 1882, Hudson and a man named James Toole purchased Safford’s shares in the bank, and renamed it Hudson & Company, Bankers. So there's the history on this short-lived operation. But fortunately it was active long enough to leave behind these beautiful notes for us collectors today to enjoy. As I always do, I invite any comments to my cell phone (580) 221-0898, or my personal email address robertgill@cableone.net Until next time, HAPPY COLLECTING. Paper Money * Nov/Dec 2020 * Whole No. 330 460 Paper Money * Nov/Dec 2020 * Whole No. 330 461 Rarity Shines in 2020 by Robert Calderman 2020, a year many of us wish we could start all over without the pandemic fueled, politically charged, media onslaught that, as we have now firmly hit Fall, could not be more relentless! My only regret this year is wishing I had cut the cord on the television set way back in January. While doom and gloom has been on the airwaves all year, we have seen a remarkable surge in the paper money arena! The glass ceiling has been shattering all year long as record realized auction prices have consistently kept my jaw on the floor. The Small Size Category has taken center stage with a year chock full of rare, seldom offered, varieties hitting the market. Locked up in dedicated collections for decades, when the toughest notes that dreams are made of finally hit the auction block, fireworks ensue! Along with coveted varieties, Top-Pop registry grade material keeps crushing numbers from years past. Even with the PCGS-Currency Registry program vanishing back in January 2019, collectors haven’t been swayed in the slightest as finest known examples continue to bring massive numbers at auction. Hands down, the year’s biggest shocker for the paper community has been the insane numbers large denomination notes have suddenly been bringing! In just the past nine months, $500 and $1000 federal reserve notes have shot up well over 30%!!! Whether the notes are riddled with problems or fully original gem uncirculated they are all on fire! It is hard for me to fathom how notes that are so exceedingly common can gain so much ground on such a massive scale in such a noticeably short time. The increase in prices has occurred so quickly that dealers are now polarized. Either they keep a very healthy distance not wanting to tie up the capital in what seems like a flash in the pan, or they buy every example they can get their hands on and continue to push the price envelope to the point of utter absurdity! Whether you love them or hate them, the biggest winners in the high-denom Paper Money * Nov/Dec 2020 * Whole No. 330 462 category are the folks who were already heavy on inventory before the bulls started running! Another animal all on their own are the $5,000 and $10,000 small size federal reserve notes. With just a few hundred examples estimated to have survived on each of these denominations, they are separated by a grand canyon vs. their $500/$1000 counterparts that have their survivors counted in the tens of thousands! An amazing $10,000 specimen hit the auction block this September bringing a new record setting price for any one small size note sold at public auction. A king’s ransom of $384,000.00 bought the proud new owner an impressive Kansas City Light Green Seal $10K FRN graded finest known 66EPQ by PMG! A note that many of us have on our dream want list that we would be ecstatic to own in VG with major restoration! Congratulations to the new caretaker of such a pristine and stunning piece of our nation’s history! Another record-breaking small size note sold this Fall and the incredibly bright shining star brought a massive number for a circulated VF35 five-dollar silver certificate. $6,600.00 a staggering increase of over 300% above the last example sold at auction back in 2013. While the previous sale of the Thomas Flynn example was graded five points lower at VF30, this tiny separation had zero bearing on the final hammer price this year. Collectors hungry for rarity had an opportunity that never comes often enough. A back plate 637 star note so rare that you have more fingers on one hand then there are examples available for collectors to enjoy. Not only is this jewel of the Gerald Glasser sale the finest ever handled by PMG, it is currently the only example listed in their population report! Both registry collectors and students of rarity alike knew the importance of this beast and no one was going to let it go cheap this time around! For comparison, the PMG population for all grades on this 1934B mule star variety stands alone at one single note. The 1934C Bp.637 mule star, a monster rarity in its own right sits at 13 examples! An interesting footnote, at the very same auction where this featured ‘34B mule star hammered, a finest known non-star ‘34B K-A mule in PMG 66EPQ also brought $6,600.00 an increase of over 85% vs. a matched grade example that sold just three years prior! Try completing a set of $5 Silver Certificate Bp.637 Mules on all blocks, including stars, and narrow face plate varieties …the task is not for the faint of heart. In fact, it may very well be a feat of strength unfitting to mere mortals. Do you have a great Cherry Pick story that you would like to share? Your note might be featured here in a future article and you can remain anonymous if desired! Email scans of your note with a brief description of what you paid and where it was found to: gacoins@earthlink.net. References: Photos courtesy Heritage Auctions www.ha.com from the Fall 2020 Long Beach Auction conducted at the HA Headquarters in Dallas, Texas in lieu of the Covid stifled Long Beach Expo. Paper Money * Nov/Dec 2020 * Whole No. 330 463 The front of the Type-41 Treasury note endorsed by Felix Senac, Paymaster, Confederate States Navy image: Randall Smith The Quartermaster Column No. 15 by Michael McNeil Felix Senac, Paymaster Confederate States Navy When the group of collectors known as the Trainmen first encountered the endorsement of Felix Senac it was a deep mystery. His signature seen at right in red ink is clear but the letters in Felix and Senac are difficult and the name Senac is unusual. The endorsement seen at right reads: “Issued May 2 1863 Felix Senac Paymaster” After much group discussion the signature was finally agreed to be the Confederate Navy Paymaster, Felix Senac. With 20 known examples you can find Senac’s endorsement with some persistence. The National Archives files for Felix Senac are available on Fold3.com, but the record ends in 1863 with the statement that he was on special duty abroad. The story became much more interesting with the later discovery of a book, Felix Senac, Saga of Felix Senac, Being the Legend and Biography of a Confederate Agent in Europe, authored by Regina Rapier, one of Senac’s descendants.1 I recently obtained a copy of this book through an interlibrary loan and it gives us more information on Senac than we have for any other military endorser of these interest-bearing notes. The back of the Type-41 Treasury note with the May 2nd, 1863 endorsement by Felix Senac, Paymaster. A Macon, Georgia Interest Paid stamp is seen below for the year 1864. image: Randall Smith Paper Money * Nov/Dec 2020 * Whole No. 330 464 Felix Senac was born of French parents in Pensacola, Florida, on July 28th, 1815, at a time when Spain claimed sovereignty of Florida and in the same year that Andrew Jackson defeated the British at New Orleans. From this heritage Senac became fluent in English, French, and Spanish. The families of Senac and Stephen Russell Mallory, the future Secretary of the Confederate Navy, also later became related through marriage. Senac was a paymaster in the United States Navy, and on April 1st, 1861 he tendered his resignation. He received an offer of a commission with the Confederacy on June 22nd while still a resident in Washington, DC. With a professional sense of obligation Senac worked to settle all of his accounts with the U. S. Navy during the period from June 22nd to June 29th. Family lore relates that Senac was arrested in July as a Confederate spy, and while being transported up the Potomac River to stand trial in Washington, he dove overboard, swam to the Virginia shore, and made his way to Richmond where he received his commission. Senac and his family traveled from Richmond and arrived at Mobile, Alabama, on July 29th, 1861. Official records show that Senac went into active service on August 15th, 1861. Family lore relates that he may have returned in August or September to Washington to settle his accounts, and it may have been at this time that he swam the Potomac to return to Richmond. After giving testimony before an investigating committee of the Confederate Congress in September, Senac received his assignment to report to Stephen Mallory, Secretary of the Navy, at Richmond. He was assigned to the shipyards at New Orleans as a paymaster to the contractors who were building the ironclads Louisiana and Mississippi. Senac had misgivings about the defenses of New Orleans and thought that the city could be taken, an opinion he shared with Mallory and which Mallory rejected. By April 16th, 1862 the situation had grown dire and efforts were made to launch the Louisiana even though her engines were not fully installed and her batteries not fully mounted on deck. During this time Senac was forced to struggle through swamps and bayous to pay the workmen. Senac’s prescient prediction of the fall of New Orleans played out, and he got his family aboard a departing steamer, leaving New Orleans with $600,000 in funds. Arriving in Vicksburg, he was reassigned to Jackson, Mississippi. In July he and his family settled in a large, abandoned schoolhouse at Covington, Georgia, a small but busy industrial center about 40 miles from Atlanta. The Senac family made this their home. A joint resolution of the House established a committee to investigate the fall of New Orleans and Senac was questioned in detail on September 15th, 1862. The committee found no blame in the Navy Department. Documents in the National Archives established that Senac worked as a Paymaster for the C. S. Navy in Atlanta during the period from July 30th, 1862 through June 11th, 1863, and this is the time frame in which Senac’s endorsement is found on Treasury notes (the illustrated example of Senac’s endorsement was issued May 2nd, 1863). Senac received a new assignment in Europe as a paymaster for C. S. Navy efforts to procure ships, clothing, and supplies. In early May 1863 the Senac family made the trip to Charleston, South Carolina, for travel abroad. The blockade of Southern Daguerreotype of what is probably Felix Senac in 1853 at the age of 38 “before he grew stout.” The image is from the book Felix Senac, Saga of Felix Senac by Regina Rapier. Paper Money * Nov/Dec 2020 * Whole No. 330 465 Seal of the Confederate States Navy Department image: Licensed in the Public Domain, via Wikipedia. ports made travel difficult, and by the morning of June 16th the Senac family had arrived by train in Wilmington to board the blockade runner Eugenie later that night, outrunning the Union ships on their way to Bermuda. Upon leaving Bermuda for Liverpool aboard a British merchant ship, they were challenged by a Union warship which demanded that Senac be handed over as a deserter from the U. S. Navy. The British captain refused to hand over Senac, declaring that any repetition of the Trent affair would be an act of war. The Union warship followed but quickly gave up the chase. Rapier quotes a letter from Secretary Mallory to Captain James Bulloch, a C. S. Navy agent in Liverpool: “Should you stand in need of reliable assistance in France, you may, I think, derive it from Paymaster Senac of the Navy, who has been ordered to Liverpool to pay officers, etc. He speaks French with purity and elegance, Spanish also, possesses fine business capacity, and is a gentleman of ripe judgment and rare merit.” Senac located Bulloch at the warehouse of Fraser, Trenholm & Company. Bulloch had managed the construction the Florida and the Alabama, along with other cruisers, and he would also take on the construction of ironclad warships. The open manner in which these ironclads were constructed in Liverpool posed a problem for the British government relative to their declarations of neutrality, and it refused to permit the launchings of these ships. Faced with this loss, Bulloch made arrangements for the construction of ironclads at Bordeaux, France. Family lore relates that Senac and his daughter, Ruby, were presented at court to Queen Victoria at some time during their stay in London. Later in the winter of 1863-1864 the Senac family made the trip to Paris and were presented to the Empress Eugenie in France. Senac reported as a paymaster to Flag Officer Samuel Barron, the bureau chief in Paris, with additional duties as an agent of the the Richmond Office of Clothing and Provisions. Rapier relates that “it is not clear exactly what Senac did in Paris.” His relationship with Henry Hotze, the Confederate secret agent in Paris in charge of Confederate propaganda activities, was complex. Senac’s daughter, Ruby, would eventually marry Hotze. Some of Hotze’s sentiments are revealed in a Wikipedia article: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Hotze. Hotze felt strongly enough about white supremacy in 1856 to translate Joseph Arthur Comte de Gobineau’s essay on the inequality of the human races titled The Moral and Intellectual Diversity of Races. Furthermore, when in 1864 Jefferson Davis offered the emancipation of Southern slaves in return for the support of European governments, Hotze was averse to this idea and flatly rejected it. By the middle of 1864 conditions in the South were dire. Senac and his nephew, Joseph Fry, scoured the shoe factories of Europe, bought clothing, beef, and other foodstuffs, and had them loaded on a new ship built for the Confederacy in Glasgow. Bulloch received $1,125,000 on September 28th, 1864, $300,000 of which were funds for payment of officers to be managed by Senac. The final blow to the Confederate Navy came on February 22nd, 1865 when the Union blockade of Southern ports became complete. The only viable route left to the Confederacy was through Mexico into Texas. After the close of the war President Johnson issued a proclamation of amnesty for Southern citizens, but a careful reading of the amnesty Paper Money * Nov/Dec 2020 * Whole No. 330 466 contained important exceptions, which included “all who are or shall have been pretended civil or diplomatic officers or otherwise domestic or foreign agents of the pretended confederate government....” These exceptions also included those who had resigned from the U. S. Army or Navy, and this made Senac subject to arrest. Rapier quotes Bulloch as stating that “the Navy department was the only branch of the service showing surplus funds at the end of war.” Senac handled significant amounts of funds and it was no secret that Federal agents were after Confederate gold, with Senac perhaps of special interest to those Federal agents. There was also the problem of the Shenandoah, a Confederate warship launched expressly to disrupt Union whaling fleets in the North Pacific. The Shenandoah was still wreaking havoc with the whaling fleets in August of 1865, long after the war was over. It took the intervention of the British government to inform her captain that hostilities had ceased. A dispatch of August 16th noted that the Shenandoah had burned 25 whaling vessels. The Shenandoah steamed into the port of Liverpool on November 6th, 1865, where British authorities turned the ship over to the U. S. consul. November of 1865 found Senac and his family in Wiesbaden, Germany, where they planned to join other Confederate citizens in relocating to South America. This plan came to a sudden end on January 27th, 1866 when Senac died at Wiesbaden at the age of 51. Rapier shows an illustration of his death certificate in Wiesbaden, and this corrects an error in Confederate Quartermasters, Commissaries, and Agents on page 645 where website sources had erroneously claimed that he died in London in 1866. Soon thereafter, Senac’s daughter, Ruby, married Henry Hotze who had accompanied them to Wiesbaden. It is our good fortune that Regina Rapier took the time to research and write with such insight about Felix Senac and his career with C. S. Navy. We now understand his fascinating role in Europe after he left Atlanta. ◘ carpe diem Notes and References: 1. Rapier, Regina. Felix Senac, Saga of Felix Senac, Being the Legend and Biography of a Confederate Agent in Europe, Bulletin of Art and History, Vol. XI, No. 1, Atlanta, Georgia, 1972, ISBN 0-9600584-1-9, 216pp with genealogies. 2. McNeil, Michael. Confederate Quartermasters, Commissaries, and Agents, Pierre Fricke, Sudbury, 2016. The original research on Senac can be found on pages 645-646. PDF files with the descriptions of all later discoveries and research may be found on the website: www.csatrains.com. A check written by Felix Senac to himself at Savannah [GA] on November 20th, 1862. image: Brian Strange Paper Money * Nov/Dec 2020 * Whole No. 330 467 Welcome to Our New Members! by Frank Clark SPMC Membership Director NEW MEMBERS 07/05/2020 15144 Scott C. Walker, ANA Ad 15145 John Goins, Website 15146 Raiden Honaker, Robert Calderman 15147 Hudson Daniels, Robert Calderman 15148 Andrew K. Dolan, Frank Clark 15149 George Franklin Williams, Tom Denly 15150 Amy McIntyre, Website 15151 Jason Wenner, Website 15152 Jairo Cano, Newman Portal 15153 Robert Miller, ANA Ad 15154 George Dumas, Tom Denly 15155 Emily Latimer, Website 15156 Susan Bremer, Website 15157 Robert Shaw, Tom Denly 15158 Daniel Mets, Whitman Encyclopedia 15159 P. Finkle, Website REINSTATEMENTS/LIFE MEMBERSHIPS None SPMC NEW MEMBERS 10/05/2020 - 15160 - 15173 15160 Richard White, Website 15161 Phillip L. Smith, Tom Denly 15162 Richard Faubion, ANA Ad 15163 Kevin Hill, Website 15164 Steven Musil, Website 15165 Thomas Schott, ANA Ad 15166 Jon Bergenthal, 15167 Michael Lattari, Westchester Currency Club 15168 Harold Nogle, Frank Clark 15169 John Loy, Tom Denly 15170 Linwood S. Rogers, Tom Denly 15171 Roy Gedat, ANA Ad 15172 Michael Chusid, Website 15173 Gene Yotka, Website REINSTATEMENTS/LIFE MEMBERSHIPS None The Society of Paper Money Collectors was organized  in  1961 and incorporated in 1964 as a non‐profit  organization under the laws of the District  of Columbia.  It is affiliated with the ANA. The Annual Meeting of the  SPMC is held in June at the International Paper Money  Show.  Information about  the SPMC,  including  the  by‐ laws  and  activities  can  be  found  at  our website‐‐  www.spmc.org. The SPMC does not does not endorse  any  dealer, company or auction house.  REGULAR or LIFE MEMBERSHIP  Applicants  must  be  at  least  18  years  of  age  and  of  good  moral  character.  Members  of  the  ANA  or  other  recognized  numismatic  societies  are  eligible  for  membership.  Other  applicants  should  be  sponsored  by  an SPMC member or provide suitable references.  JUNIOR MEMBERSHIP  Applicants  for  Junior membership must be  from 12  to  17  years  of  age  and  of  good  moral  character.  A  parent  or  guardian  must  sign  their  application.  Junior  membership numbers will be preceded by the letter  “j”  which  will  be  removed  upon  notification  to  the  secretary  that  the  member  has  reached  18  years  of  age.  Junior members  are  not  eligible  to  hold  office  or  vote.  DUES  Annual dues are $39. Dues  for members  in Canada  and  Mexico  are  $45.  Dues  for  members  in  all  other  countries  are  $60.  Life  membership—payable  in  installments within one year  is $800  for U.S.;  $900  for  Canada and Mexico and $1000  for  all  other  countries.  The  Society  no  longer  issues  annual  membership  cards but paid up members may request one from the  membership director with an SASE.  Memberships  for all members who  joined the Society  prior  to  January  2010  are  on  a  calendar  year  basis  with  renewals  due  each  December.  Memberships  for  those  who  joined  since  January  2010  are  on  an  annual  basis  beginning and ending the month  joined. All  renewals  are  due  before  the  expiration  date,  which  can  be  found  on  the  label  of  Paper  Money.  Renewals  may  be  done  via  the  Society  website  www.spmc.org  or  by  check/money  order sent to the secretary.  Paper Money * Nov/Dec 2020 * Whole No. 330 468 OUR MEMBERS SPECIALIZE IN NATIONAL CURRENCY They also specialize in Large Size Type Notes, Small Size Currency, Obsolete Currency, Colonial and Continental Currency, Fractionals, Error Notes, MPC’s, Confederate Currency, Encased Postage, Stocks and Bonds, Autographs and Documents, World Paper Money . . . and numerous other areas. THE PROFESSIONAL CURRENCY DEALERS ASSOCIATION is the leading organization of OVER 100 DEALERS in Currency, Stocks and Bonds, Fiscal Documents and related paper items. PCDA To be assured of knowledgeable, professional, and ethical dealings when buying or selling currency, look for dealers who proudly display the PCDA emblem. For a FREE copy of the PCDA Membership Directory listing names, addresses and specialties of all members, send your request to: The Professional Currency Dealers Association PCDA • Hosts the annual National Currency and Coin Convention during March in Rosemont, Illinois. Please visit our Web Site pcda.com for dates and location. • Encourages public awareness and education regarding the hobby of Paper Money Collecting. • Sponsors the John Hickman National Currency Exhibit Award each June at the International Paper Money Show, as well as Paper Money classes and scholarships at the A.N.A.’s Summer Seminar series. • Publishes several “How to Collect” booklets regarding currency and related paper items. Availability of these booklets can be found in the Membership Directory or on our Web Site. • Is a proud supporter of the Society of Paper Money Collectors. Or Visit Our Web Site At: www.pcda.com Bea Sanchez – Secretary P.O. Box 44-2809 • Miami, FL 33144-2809 (305) 264-1101 • email: sol@sanchezcurrency.com “The Del Monte Note” Retained Obstruction Error Fr. 2084-H $20 1996 Federal Reserve Note PMG Choice Uncirculated 64 EPQ Fr. 1180 $20 1905 Gold Certi cate PCGS Superb Gem New 67PPQ Fr. 262 $5 1886 Silver Certi cate PMG Gem Uncirculated 65 EPQ Fr. 367 $10 1890 Treasury Note PMG Gem Uncirculated 65 EPQ Fr. 274 $5 1899 Silver Certi cate PCGS Superb Gem New 68PPQ Fr. 114 $10 1901 Legal Tender PMG Superb Gem Unc 67 EPQ Selected Highlights from Our Offi cial FUN 2021 Auction Now Accepting Consignments – Deadline: November 16 For a free appraisal or to consign to an upcoming auction, contact a Heritage Consignment Director today. 800-872-6467, Ext. 1001 or Currency@HA.com Heritage Numismatic Auctions, Inc. AB665, Currency Auctions of America AB2218 Paul R. Minshull #AU4563. 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