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Table of Contents
U. S. Treasury Notes of the Mexican War--Nicholas Bruyer
Origins of Series 1907 Gold Certificates and Legal Tender Notes--Peter Huntoon
British POW & Internee Camp Money--Steve Feller
50th Anniversary of the Discovery of the Ella Overby Hoard--Peter Huntoon
Thomas Macdonough Naval Hero--Terry Bryan
The Second National Bank of Chestertown, MD--J. Fred Maples
Young Selma Entrepeneur-M. J. Williams--Charles Derby
New Site Alabama--Bill Gunther
1st National Bank of Forest City--Michael Saharian
official journal of
The Society of Paper Money Collectors
Treasury Notes of the Mexican War
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470 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10022 ? 800.566.2580
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LEGENDARY COLLECTIONS | LEGENDARY RESULTS | A LEGENDARY AUCTION FIRM
Contact Us to Consign Your U.S. Paper Money!
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Consign Alongside these Highlights from
The Stack?s Bowers Galleries
Official Auction at the ANA World?s Fair of Money?
August 10-14, 2021 ? Rosemont, Illinois
Consignment Deadline: June 10, 2021
Fr. 129. 1878 $20 Legal Tender Note.
PCGS Banknote Superb Gem Uncirculated 67 PPQ.
From the Tarzan Collection Part II.
Fr. 263. 1886 $5 Silver Certificate.
PMG Choice Uncirculated 64 EPQ.
From the Tarzan Collection Part II.
Fr. 375. 1891 $20 Treasury Note.
PMG Gem Uncirculated 65 EPQ.
From the Tarzan Collection Part II.
Fr. 1180. 1905 $20 Gold Certificate.
PCGS Banknote Superb Gem Uncirculated 67 PPQ.
From the Tarzan Collection Part II.
Fr. 150. 1863 $50 Legal Tender Note.
PCGS Banknote Extremely Fine 40.
From the Tarzan Collection Part II.
Fr. 341. 1880 $100 Silver Certificate.
PCGS Banknote Extremely Fine 40.
From the Tarzan Collection Part II.
Fr. 893B. 1914 Red Seal $10
Federal Reserve Note. New York.
PCGS Banknote Superb Gem Uncirculated 67 PPQ.
From the Tarzan Collection Part II.
Fr. 1220. 1922 $1000 Gold Certificate.
PMG Choice Extremely Fine 45.
From the Tarzan Collection Part II.
Fr. 187j. 1880 $1000 Legal Tender Note.
PMG Very Fine 30 Net. Restoration.
From the Tarzan Collection Part II.
Fr. 367. 1890 $10 Treasury Note.
PCGS Banknote Gem Uncirculated 66 PPQ.
From the Tarzan Collection Part II.
Fr. 1132-K. 1918 $500 Federal Reserve Note. Dallas.
PCGS Banknote Choice Extremely Fine 45 EPQ.
From the Tarzan Collection Part II.
Fr. 2221-E. 1934 $5000
Federal Reserve Note. Richmond.
PMG Choice About Uncirculated 58 EPQ.
From the Tarzan Collection Part II.
a_oM_om
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100
U. S. Treasury Notes of the Mexican War--Nicholas Bruyer
Origin of Series 1907 Gold Certificates and Legal Tender Notes--Peter Huntoon
British POW & Internee Camp Money--Steve Feller
Thomas Macdonough Naval Hero--Terry Bryan
"New Site" Alabama--Bill Gunther
50th anniversary of the discovery of the Ella Overby Hoard--Peter Huntoon
1st National Bank of Forest City--Michael Saharian
young Selma Entrepeneur-M. J. Williams--Charles Derby
120
126
86
106
113
135
138
124 The Second National Bank of Charleston, MD--J. Fred Maples
Paper Money * March/April 2021 * Whole No. 332
81
Contents, Advertisers, Hall of Fame
Columns
Advertisers
SPMC Hall of Fame
The?SPMC?Hall?of?Fame?recognizes?and?honors?those?individuals?who?
have?made?a?lasting?contribution?to?the?society?over?the?span?of?many?years.?
Charles Affleck
Walter Allan
Doug Ball
Joseph Boling
F.C.C. Boyd
Michael Crabb
Martin Delger
William Donlon
Roger Durand
C. John Ferreri
Milt Friedberg
Robert Friedberg
Len Glazer
Nathan Gold
Nathan Goldstein
James Haxby
John Herzog
Gene Hessler
John Hickman
William Higgins
Ruth Hill
Peter Huntoon
Don Kelly
Lyn Knight
Chet Krause
Allen Mincho
Judith Murphy
Chuck O?Donnell
Roy Pennell
Albert Pick
Fred Reed
Matt Rothert
Neil Shafer
Austin Sheheen
Herb & Martha
Schingoethe
Hugh Shull
Glenn Smedley
Raphael Thian
Daniel Valentine
Louis Van Belkum
George Wait
D.C. Wismer
From Your President Shawn Hewitt 84
Editor Sez Benny Bolin 85
SPMC Bank Note Project Mark Drengson 142
Cherry Pickers Corner Robert Calderman 148
Obsolete Corner Robert Gill 150
Quartermaster Column Michael McNeil 152
Chump Change Loren Gatch 156
New Members Frank Clark 157
Uncoupled J. Boling & F. Schwan 158
Stacks Bowers Galleries IFC
Pierre Fricke 81
Fred Bart 119
DBR Currency 119
Higgins Museum 125
Denly's of Boston 129
Jim Ehrhardt 129
ANA 134
FCCB 140
Lyn F. Knight 141
Bob Laub 147
Vern Potter 164
PCDA IBC
Heritage Auctions OBC
Paper Money * March/April 2021 * Whole No. 332
82
In Memoriam
The Paper Money hobby has lost three giants in our hobby recently. We all wish their families our thoughts and prayers.
Martin Gengerke
Martin
passed away on
December 20,
2020. He is
survived by his
wife Beatrice and
son Corey as well as other family.
Martin was a founding member
of the Fractional Currency
Collectors Board (FCCB) and was
an active collector of credit cards,
especially American Express cards.
A renowned researcher, Martin
published a number of articles
related to Fractional Currency in
Paper Money and other hobby
publications. He was also a
researcher extraordinaire and a
cataloger for Lester Merkin,
NASCA and Stacks and was the first
recipient of the NLG?s award for
excellence in cataloging.
He was the author of two books,
American Numismatic Auctions and
United States Paper Money Records.
Martin was one of the few
people to ever form a complete set of
fractional currency, including the Fr.
1352 Justice note of which only two
were know at that time. He obtained
his first fractionals as a 6-piece
denomination set over the counter at
Stack?s in Dec. 1967. He completed
it with the purchase of the Fr. 1373a
at Smythe?s sale of the Rockholt
collection on Sept. 12, 1981.
Martin was fascinated by the
history of coins and paper money.
He was one of the few people who
had almost unfettered access to John
J. Ford and his collection and was
able to see and inventory the Boyd
collection of fractional and write
about it long before it was sold.
Ron Horstman
Ron
passed away on
January 2,
2021. He is
survived by his
wife Ann
Moriarity.
Ron joined the SPMC in 1965
as member #1526 and was Life
Member #12. He served the SPMC
as governor from 1987-2003 when
he became President. He also served
as the New Member Coordinator and
served on numerous committees
including the Member Recruitment,
Nominating, and others. He received
SPMC literary awards in 1988 and
again in 1989 and received the
recruitment award in 1991 and again
in 1992.
Ron was also an active member
of the PCDA and was the first life
member of that group.
Ron was a researcher of
Missouri banknotes and financial
historian, and authored two books,
Missouri Money (A Study of Banking
& Finance in the Territory and State
of Missouri), and Missouri Money II.
Like many currency collectors,
Ron switched from coins to paper
money at an early age. His goal was
to collect a National Bank Note from
each issuing bank in St. Louis, and
he then branched out to collect St.
Louis and Missouri obsolete notes.
Roman Latimer
Roman
passed away on
January 20, 2021.
He is survived by
his son Michael
and six
grandchildren.
A lifelong resident of Santa Fe,
New Mexico, he was SPMC member
#2540 and served the society as
governor from 1983-1986.
He collected New Mexico
Nationals and Territorials for over
60 years. He collected both small
and large size nationals and
specialized in currency printed for
use by Territorial Banks which he
generously shared with The Museum
of New Mexico.
Paper Money * March/April 2021 * Whole No. 332
83
Officers & Appointees
ELECTED OFFICERS
PRESIDENT Shawn Hewitt
shawn@shawnhewitt.com
VICE-PRES. Robert Vandevender II
rvpaperman@aol.com
SECRETARY Robert Calderman
gacoins@earthlink.net
TREASURER Bob Moon
robertmoon@aol.com
BOARD OF GOVERNORS
Mark Anderson mbamba@aol.com
Robert Calderman gacoins@earlthlink.net
Gary J. Dobbins g.dobbins@sbcglobal.net
Matt Drais Stockpicker12@aol.com
Pierre Fricke pierrefricke@buyvintagemoney.com
Loren Gatch lgatch@uco.edu
Steve Jennings sjennings@jisp.net
William Litt Billlitt@aol.com
J. Fred Maples maplesf@comcast.com
Cody Regennitter cody.regennitter@gmail.com
Wendell A. Wolka purduenut@aol.com
APPOINTEES
PUBLISHER-EDITOR
Benny Bolin smcbb@sbcglobal.net
ADVERTISING MANAGER
Wendell A. Wolka purduenut@aol.com
LEGAL COUNSEL
Megan Regennitter mreginnitter@iowafirm.com
LIBRARIAN
Jeff Brueggeman jeff@actioncurrency.com
MEMBERSHIP DIRECTOR
Frank Clark frank_spmc@yahoo.com
IMMEDIATE PAST PRESIDENT
Pierre Fricke
WISMER BOOK PROJECT COORDINATOR
Pierre Fricke
From Your President
Shawn Hewitt
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Paper Money * July/August 2020
6
Its cold outside. Really cold. It looks like we are fresh out of
degrees. This is the time of the year I like to dedicate to indoor projects,
for obvious reasons. Some of the those are related to our hobby, and one
on my list is launching our first ever Zoom based SPMC membership
meeting and seminar. As I write this, it is still yet to come, but should be
in the rear-view mirror by the time you read this. I expect this will have
been successful, and will be a new, ongoing part of the future interaction
among SPMC membership. If you have ideas or suggestions for
improvement, please drop me a line at shawn@shawnhewitt.com.
I would be pleased to hear from you.
You will have noticed in this and other recent issues of Paper
Money memorial pages dedicated to long time members of the paper
money collecting community who have passed away. In this issue we
remember Martin Gengerke, Ron Horstman and Roman Latimer. It?s
clear that we have a large demographic of senior members, and yet at the
same time we have an influx of younger, new members thanks to our
presence in social media. Have you seen our Facebook page recently? It
has been getting a lot of interest ever since Andy Timmerman began
rolling out the Note of the Day. I love to see SPMC members stepping
up to make the hobby a better place. What would be even better is to
have the older and younger demographic groups actively communicating
with each other. The older have a wealth of knowledge and experience,
and the younger are eager to learn. I would encourage both groups to
reach out to each other on whatever platforms are at their disposal,
whether its Facebook, email or SPS.
I remember well back to 2004 when I put a request in Bank Note
Reporter, seeking information about Minnesota obsoletes for inclusion in
the book my colleagues and I were writing. Eric Newman personally
responded to my call, and we seized the opportunity. How glad I am that
he reached out, and we were able to connect. Are there researchers you
would like to correspond with? Do you have a desire to share your
knowledge and experience, and mentor others? For starters, you might
try checking out some of the Facebook groups listed on our website at
https://www.spmc.org/social_media. Maybe Facebook is not your thing,
and I get it. Regardless, make the effort to reach out while the
opportunity is there. The future of our hobby will be all the better for it.
With that, I am going to close now and work on my presentation for our
Zoom seminar. As of this time, we have very limited visibility on this
year?s International Paper Money Show. We will post updates on our
website as soon as we have them.
Paper Money * March/April 2021 * Whole No. 332
84
Terms and Conditions
The Society of Paper Money Collectors (SPMC) P.O. Box
7055, Gainesville, GA 30504, publishes PAPER MONEY
(USPS 00-3162) every other month beginning in January.
Periodical postage is paid at Hanover, PA. Postmaster send
address changes to Secretary Robert Calderman, Box 7055,
Gainesville, GA 30504. ?Society of Paper Money Collectors,
Inc. 2020. All rights reserved. Reproduction of any article in
whole or part without written approval is prohibited. Individual
copies of this issue of PAPER MONEY are available from the
secretary for $8 postpaid. Send changes of address, inquiries
concerning non - delivery and requests for additional
copies of this issue to the secretary.
MANUSCRIPTS
Manuscripts not under consideration elsewhere
and publications for review should be sent to the editor.
Accepted manuscripts will be published as soon as
possible, however publication in a specific issue cannot be
guaranteed. Opinions expressed by authors do not
necessarily reflect those of the SPMC. Manuscripts
should be submitted in WORD format via email
(smcbb@sbcglobal.net) or by sending memory stick/disk
to the editor. Scans should be grayscale or color JPEGs at
300 dpi. Color illustrations may be changed to grayscale
at the discretion of the editor. Do not send items of
value. Manuscripts are submitted with copyright release
of the author to the editor for duplication and printing as
needed.
ADVERTISING
All advertising on space available basis. Copy/correspondence
should be sent to editor.
All advertising is pay in advance. Ads are on a ?good
faith? basis. Terms are ?Until Forbid.?
Ads are Run of Press (ROP) unless accepted on a premium
contract basis. Limited premium space/rates available.
To keep rates to a minimum, all advertising must be prepaid
according to the schedule below. In exceptional cases
where special artwork or additional production is
required, the advertiser will be notified and billed
accordingly. Rates are not commissionable; proofs are
not supplied. SPMC does not endorse any company,
dealer or auction house. Advertising Deadline: Subject to
space availability, copy must be received by the editor no
later than the first day of the month preceding the cover
date of the issue (i.e. Feb. 1 for the March/April issue).
Camera-ready art or electronic ads in pdf format are
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must clear trim by minimum 1/2? Advertising copy shall
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SPMC does not guarantee advertisements, but accepts
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Editor Sez
Benny Bolin
I hope that everyone is staying warm and safe. As
if COVID-19 wasn't bad enough, then come the biggest
weather system in years. Here in Texas it was -2o when I
got up this morning and we had 4 inches of snow with
another 3-5 inches tonight. Wowser! Here, we go bonkers
when it gets below 60o! Who would-a-thunk it?!?!
Now that vaccines are out for COVID, it may (just
mabye) be shaping up for some shows this summer. Not
to get our hopes up, but we can all wish for it. I love going
to FUN and IPMS, not only to buy and add to my
collection, but also and mainly for the camaraderie of in-
person friendly get-togethers.
This issue it the beginning of my 8th year as the
editor of this fine tome. It has been enjoyable and
fulfilling. I want to thank all the amazing authors who
have contributed articles and columns and those who have
offered suggestions and constructive criticisms. This has
been a team effort and I thank everyone!
Unfortunately, this issue brings more information
on three more giants in our hobby who have passed on.
We will miss them and their contributions to the hobby
and we wish their families well.
I hope you all had a chance to partake in the recent
SPMC Zoom meeting. It was the first step to getting back
to normal. I enjoyed my presentation and seeing all the
people there. It is always fun listening to others talk about
their area of expertise and I always learn some new about
a subject or two that I don't actively collect. And any time
you can listen to Wendell--we that is a real treat. (I write
all the above before the actual presentations so I really
hope they were able to come off well.)
As we go forward, I encourage you to enjoy this
fine hobby we have and to get more involved. Staying at
home more during this pandemic has freed up some time
(hopefully) so that you can just enjoy the hobby more.
I really hope we can start the journey back to
seeing each other in person in the very near future.
Let's all pull together and support everyone in not
only our hobby but our communities as well!
Benny
Paper Money * March/April 2021 * Whole No. 332
85
U. S. Treasury Notes of the Mexican War 1846-1848
by Nick Bruyer
After Robert J. Walker helped James Polk
become the first ?Dark Horse? President in U.S.
history, Polk rewarded him with the position of
Secretary of the Treasury. In that capacity, Walker
used Treasury notes and bonds in 1846 to fund a war
with Mexico. The first Treasury notes, which were
like those issued after the Panic of 1837, were used
mostly to pay war expenses. A second issue of
Treasury notes in 1847, designed and produced by two
bank note firms, were convertible into bonds and did
not circulate. Victory over Mexico secured for the
U.S. 600,000 square miles of land and an immensely
valuable Pacific coastline.
The election of President James K. Polk in
December 1844 was as unlikely and as consequential
as any in U.S. history. Polk was the first ?dark horse?
candidate to become President. His choice as the flag-
bearer of the Democratic Party came as such a surprise
that the opposition Whigs based their campaign on the
slogan ?Just who is James K. Polk??
Polk?s rise to power began with the news that the
presumptive Democratic candidate for President,
Martin Van Buren, could not be counted on to annex
the Republic of Texas to the Union.
On April 27, 1844 Van Buren as well as his
opponent, Henry Clay, issued public letters opposing
Texas annexation because it would become a slave
state. Both believed they would lose crucial northern
votes, and thus their party?s nominations, unless they
took this stand.
Texas advocates were horrified. Chief among
them were former President Andrew Jackson and
Mississippi Senator Robert J. Walker. They and other
like-minded Democrats huddled behind closed doors
at Jackson?s Nashville, Tennessee home, the
Hermitage, to find a way to restore Texas annexation
as a centerpiece of the Democrat agenda.
The conspirators needed an alternative to Van
Buren: A Democrat not sullied by the slavery debate;
someone they could portray to the American people as
a champion of America?s expansionist destiny ?from
sea to shining sea?.
Jackson had a candidate in mind: Fellow
Tennessee Democrat and confidant James K. Polk. An
intelligent and skilled debater, Polk had been out of the
public eye since 1841, when he lost re-election as
Governor of Tennessee. Although he had inherited
slaves, Polk was not overtly pro-slavery. He described
it as a ?common evil?.
What next unfolded was a plot to kneecap the
Democratic front-runner, Van Buren.
On May 27 the Democrats arrived at the
Democratic National Convention in Baltimore to find
their platform was written by Robert J. Walker.
Unsurprisingly, its key planks included the annexation
of Texas. It also included opposition to a national
bank, as Jackson had succeeded in ending the former
Bank of the U.S. in 1836.
Van Buren confidently strode into the convention
with a majority of delegates in his pocket. But as the
first order of business, restoration of an old rule
requiring a two-thirds majority was called for,
throwing the convention into disorder. Senator
Walker was called to read the old convention rules of
1832, which he conveniently had in his pocket. He
then gave a speech arguing that to abandon the two-
thirds rule was to desert democratic principles. Debate
Robert J. Walker,
Secretary of the
Treasury 1845-1849
Democrat candidate
Martin Van Buren
opposed annexation
of Texas (public
domain)
Former Pres. Andrew
Jackson found an
alternative to Van Buren.
(Daguerreotype ca. 1845)
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followed until the next day, when by a vote of 148-116
the old two-thirds rule was restored. Van Buren?s
group had the wind knocked out of them as the pro-
annexation cabal tied up the convention in procedural
knots and bided their time.
On the first ballot Van Buren won a majority of
votes but could not reach two-thirds. As six more
ballots followed, many feared the convention was
deadlocked beyond hope. On the eighth ballot Polk
was nominated as the only man who could unite the
party. At last Van Buren withdrew his name and
directed his delegates to vote Polk. On the ninth ballot
James K. Polk was unanimously chosen to be the
Democrat Presidential candidate. The convention
erupted in wild cheers.
Senator Walker, who played a key role in
engineering Polk?s nomination, was appointed to
manage Polk?s Presidential campaign against Henry
Clay. Never one for half measures, Walker waged a
political war both clever and dirty.
Clay and his Whig party tried to paint Polk as a
nobody with their campaign slogan ?Just Who is
James K. Polk?? Walker turned the question on its
head with ads and pamphlets to expose the ?real?
Henry Clay.
The smear campaign featured such gems as: ?The
history of Mr. Clay?s debaucheries and midnight
revelries in Washington is too shocking, too disgusting
to appear in public print.? and ?Clay spends his days
at the gaming table and his nights in a brothel.?
After the last votes were received on December
4, 1844 Polk had beaten Clay by a razor thin 1.4%.
Polk announced he would serve just one four-
year term. He set four key goals: Acquire Alta
California from Mexico; Settle a standoff with
England to acquire the Oregon Territory; establish an
independent treasury; and tear down the high
protective tariff wall erected in 1842 during an
economic depression.
To reward Robert Walker for his key role in the
Presidential victory, Polk gave Walker what was then
considered to be the plum position in his cabinet:
Secretary of the Treasury.
Annexation & War
Polk?s election settled the question of whether or
not Texas should be annexed. Walker, still a Senator
in February of 1845, helped Congress craft a joint
resolution for the terms under which the President
could negotiate with Texas. On March 4 Polk sent a
message to Texas advising that they could enter the
Union immediately on terms the House of
Representatives had laid out.
After some personal prodding from Andrew
Jackson, the Texans ratified the annexation at a
convention on July 4, 1845.
Upon learning of the annexation, Mexico recalled
its minister from Washington and broke off diplomatic
relations with the United States.
No one expected Mexico to accept Texas
annexation lying down. War would give Polk the
excuse he needed to seize Alta California. His plan
was to negotiate a purchase, if possible, but prepare for
the likelihood of war.
In November 1845 Polk sent his new minister to
Mexico, John Slidell, with secret orders to negotiate
the purchase of Alta California and Nuevo Mexico for
up to $20 million. But the proud Mexican government
had no interest in negotiations. In early January 1846
Slidell?s mission was rejected by Mexico?s president.
Polk?s response was swift. On January 13, 1846
he ordered 3,550 troops under the command of
General Zachary Taylor to the disputed border ?on or
near? the bank of the Rio Grande river, far south of the
border Mexico claimed along the Nueces river. Taylor
built an outpost dubbed ?Fort Texas?, with cannon
facing the Mexican town square of Matamoros,
directly across the Rio Grande. A provocative trap
was set and baited.1
On April 25 sixteen hundred Mexican cavalry
crossed the Rio Grande a few miles north of Fort
Texas. The next day a patrol of 63 U.S. dragoons were
James K. Polk was
the first dark horse
President (Stacks-
Bowers)
Texas claimed its southern border was along the Rio Grande
River, but Mexico recognized the historical border as the
Nueces River (Courtesy Maps ETC)
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87
ambushed, with eleven killed, six wounded and the
rest captured.2
It took 14 days for Polk to receive news of the
attack. Two days later, on May 11, he sent a message
to Congress. ?Mexico has passed the boundary of the
United States, has invaded our territory and shed
American blood upon American soil.? He concluded
that ?notwithstanding all our efforts to avoid it, (war)
exists by the act of Mexico herself?.3
The next day Congress passed a war bill by an
overwhelming margin. It authorized $10 million and
the raising of fifty thousand troops.
News of the war ignited an intense patriotic
fervor that spread across America like a prairie
wildfire.
Polk?s war strategy, which he kept secret from
Congress, was to seize enough territory in northern
Mexico to force a negotiated settlement, while
simultaneously conquering the western lands he
desired in return for that settlement. Those lands
consisted of present-day California, Nevada, Arizona,
Utah, half of New Mexico and parts of Kansas,
Oklahoma, Colorado and Wyoming. No end of war
would be forthcoming from Polk until Mexico
surrendered these lands.4
Treasury Notes
In June Secretary Walker proposed to fund the
war with an issue of Treasury notes rather than a loan.5
After much debate, legislation was enacted on July 22,
1846. It authorized $10 million in either Treasury
notes, bonds or a combination of both. Bonds could
be issued with a duration of up to ten years, while
Treasury notes could earn interest for one year.
Interest was limited to a maximum of 6% and neither
bonds nor Treasury notes could be sold for less than
face value (par). Redeemed notes could be reissued up
to a maximum of a combined $10 million in notes and
bonds outstanding at any time. Authority to issue
them expired in one year.
Walker split the borrowing authority evenly
between Treasury notes and bonds: $5 million for
Treasury notes, which he would either pay out to the
military and creditors or sell for coin; and $5 million
for 10-year bonds.
Instead of designing new Treasury notes, Walker
put existing plates, last used in 1844, back into
production. The face and back designs were the same
as those created during the Panic of 1837. The most
recent of these notes also were overprinted on the
backs ?Pay to the Order of? and ?Pay to Bearer?.
Once a Treasury note was endorsed by the original
payee named on the face of the note it could then be
transferred as a bearer obligation.
All four previously used denominations of $50,
$100, $500 and $1000 were produced. However, a
check-like ?fractional? note, which had been used for
odd amounts greater than $50 but less than $100, was
not resurrected.
The Treasury note had spaces for writing in the
serial number, issue date, interest rate and to whom it
was payable. Walker decided upon two interest rates:
5 2/5% for Treasury notes sold for specie, and one mill
percent for Treasury notes paid out for government
warrants, creditors or payrolls. The one mill rate,
which previously was employed by the Treasury
following the Panic of 1837, yielded an effective
interest rate of zero.
Secretary Walker realized the Treasury
Department did not have the facilities, materials,
staffing or budget to transport coin to the Army in
Texas, Mexico and other remote points in the
dangerous western frontier. As he pointed out to
Congress, ?The great object? would not be to
circulate paper among our troops in Mexico, but to
facilitate the obtaining and transferring specie there for
circulation?. Regardless, practical realities dictated
otherwise.
Walker characterized the Treasury notes as
?specie bearing interest?. Walker biographer James
Shenton said the new notes ?provided a new medium
of currency?.6
The first Treasury notes were released August 21,
1846 in denominations of $50 and $100. Commencing
with serial no. 1, the first 3,000 $50 notes were paid
out to Lt. Col. Thomas F. Hunt, Deputy Quartermaster
General. Hunt also received the first 2,500 of the $100
Treasury notes, starting with serial no. 1. All bore an
interest rate of one mill percent. Hunt became the
deputy quartermaster at New Orleans, the key post for
supplying U.S. forces in both Texas and Mexico via
the Caribbean.
The first Mexican War Treasury notes continued designs
previously used in 1843-44. (Heritage auctions)
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The Register of the Treasury recorded all
disbursements of Treasury notes in five volumes of
?numerical registers? containing the names of all
recipients and serial numbers. Most of the $50 and
$100 Treasury notes bearing one mill interest went to
the military. They included Capt. George Waggaman,
the Commissary of Subsistence for Gen. Zachary
Taylor; Deputy Quarter Master Lt. Col. Aeneas
Mackay; George Loyall, the Navy agent at Norfolk,
Virginia; and Lt. (later Civil War General) Winfield
Scott Hancock.
Non-military recipients of the one mill Treasury
notes included William Armstrong, Acting
Superintendent of Indian Affairs in the Western
Territory; Robert J. Chester, U.S. Marshal for the
Western District of Tennessee; and Register of the
Treasury Ransom H. Gillet.
On August 31 the first $500 Treasury notes of one
mill interest were issued to Lt. Col. Hunt, who
received $60,000 serially numbered 1-120. It was not
until October 14 that the first $1000 notes of one mill
interest were paid out. The entire issue of thousands
at one mill was just 55 notes, issued to three
individuals: Capt. R. E. Clary, Asst. Quarter Master,
5th Infantry; E. Harding, Capt. of Ordnance, Allegheny
Arsenal; and Col. Henry Stanton, Asst. Quarter Master
General.
Nutt?s Bearer Notes
On September 10 1846 the Treasury resumed a
practice it previously used for Treasury notes issued
after the Panic of 1837: All notes from that day
forward were made payable to a Treasury official
named William D. Nutt and endorsed by him prior to
issue.
Nutt headed the note-issuing department at the
Treasury. All Treasury notes issued on September 10
and thereafter were made payable to William D. Nutt,
who endorsed the backs of the notes. This made the
Treasury notes immediately payable to the bearer
without further endorsement. The Register?s
numerical logs recognized this change by stating that
the notes were ?issued? to William D. Nutt, but
?assigned? to the person named in the registry.
By October 1, 1846 the Treasury reported
$1,953,950 in Treasury notes were issued, heavily
skewed to the lower denominations:7
Denomination Quantity
$50 8,363
$100 6,223
$500 1,827
The escalating war rapidly drained Treasury
coffers. Treasury receipts for the quarter ending Sept.
30 were $6,782,000, but expenditures were more than
double at $14,089,000. Part of the $7,307,000
shortfall was covered by issuing Treasury notes, but
$5,353,000 was paid in out specie.
Walker recognized that a cash crisis was
imminent. On September 30 he hastily left
Washington to meet bankers in New York. He
departed so quickly that he didn?t have time to meet
Page from the numerical
register of the Treasury shows
Lt. Col. Thomas F. Hunt
received the first $50 notes on
21 August 1846. (National
Archives)
Treasury numerical register shows notes ?issued? to W. D. Nutt and
?assigned? to recipients 21 October 1846. (National Archives)
Treasury clerk William D. Nut pre-endorsed the back of
this $1000 Treasury note. (Author?s collection)
Paper Money * March/April 2021 * Whole No. 332
89
with President Polk, but instead left him a note
advising that he had to negotiate a $1 million loan.
Walker?s assistant told Polk that he would return
in two or three days. But days turned into a week and
then two weeks. Walker was joined in New York by
William W. Corcoran, a partner in the Washington D.
C. banking firm of Corcoran & Riggs. He tried to help
Walker persuade the bankers to make a loan, but
without success.8
On October 15, Walker returned to Washington
to report that despite his best efforts, no banks or
financiers would loan the Treasury specie at 5%,
although that was the going rate. A week later he
informed the President that he would offer to the
public $4 million of Treasury notes at 5 2/5%.
Advertisements soliciting bids were placed in major
newspapers that same day.
Walker and Polk also discussed complaints from
government creditors who had been paid in Treasury
notes with one mill interest. The creditors were upset
that their zero interest notes were less valuable than
the 5 2/5% notes. Polk thought the Treasury should
offer anyone holding one mill notes the opportunity to
exchange them for 5 2/5% notes. Walker agreed,
discontinuing the one mill notes on October 24.9
The $4 million Treasury note offering was a
disaster. On October 28 the Washington
correspondent for the New York Tribune reported that
just $50-60,000 in specie had been exchanged for 5
2/5% Treasury notes.10
The Tribune added that ?The disbursements of
the Treasury during the present month have exceeded
the total receipts (by) $800,000. The revenue is
diminishing and the requisitions are becoming more
heavy. All the revenue now paid is in Treasury notes.?
On October 30 an increasingly desperate Walker
told Polk he needed to fund a $5 million loan and
would advertise that day to obtain bids for 10-year 6%
bonds. Normally the minimum acceptable bid would
be $25,000, but Walker proposed dropping the
minimum to $1,000 in order to stimulate broader
participation. Polk agreed. Solicitations for the
Treasury loan were rushed into newspapers that
afternoon.
Walker breathed a great sigh of relief when the
bids for the $5 million loan were opened on November
13. All of the loan was subscribed to, some even at a
slight premium to par. But far greater financial
demands were looming
With the end of the one mill Treasury notes,
Walker substituted 5 2/5% notes. According to
historian James Cummings, ?Besides selling and
exchanging the new (5 2/5%) notes, the Treasury
began distributing them to military officers and
purchasing agents to buy supplies and pay the soldiers
and sailors.?11
It was essential for the Treasury to keep track of
which Treasury notes it sold for specie and which
notes it paid out as money. To accomplish this,
starting with the new 5 2/5% notes it set up two
separate numerical registers: One for notes
?exchanged? for specie, and another for notes paid out.
Notes of each category were issued starting with serial
number 1.
The ?exchange? registers show that on October
24 the first $100 Treasury notes at 5 2/5%, serial
numbers 1-6, were sold for specie to Richard Smith,
cashier of the Bank of the Metropolis in Washington
D.C. Corcoran & Riggs bought the first fifteen $1000
notes. $500 notes also were exchanged for specie that
day.
No ?exchange? register was set up for $50 notes
at 5 2/5%, so apparently the Treasury chose not to sell
this lowest denomination for specie. The regular
register of $50 notes at 5 2/5% continued to show
extensive issuance to pay military war warrants.
The War Grows
After Mexico attacked General Taylor on the Rio
Grande, he was reinforced with 12,000 regulars and
volunteers. Taylor seized Matamoros, then headed up
the Rio Grande to Camargo, just across the river, in
August. They arrived to find that the local drinking
Secretary Walker?s first public offering of Treasury notes was
a disaster. (Newspapers.com)
The Treasury offered to exchange Treasury notes earning one
mill interest for notes earning 5 2/5% interest.
(Newspapers.com)
Paper Money * March/April 2021 * Whole No. 332
90
water was contaminated by a flood. In a matter of
weeks the bad water and high summer heat combined
to kill about 1,500 U.S. soldiers.
After taking Camargo, Taylor?s forces headed
south and during September 20-24 attacked the city of
Monterrey. Here they engaged in brutal urban
warfare, fighting house-by-house through the city until
they overpowered the Mexicans.
The Charleston Mercury reported of the
Americans on Oct. 11, 1846: ?murder, robbery and
rape were committed in the broad light of day... It is
thought that one hundred of the inhabitants were
murdered in cold blood...?
That U.S. Treasury notes were being paid out and
used by the army in Mexico is attested to by a small
newspaper clipping pasted into the Treasury?s
numerical register for $500 Treasury notes of one mill
percent:
NOTICE: The public are cautioned against
trading for a five hundred dollar Treasury Note,
... viz., a Sept., 1846, Washington city; letter B:
No. 426, Endorsed by Paymaster E. Kerby, to
Loyd Tilgman, and by Mr. Tilgman made
payable to my order, but not endorsed by me.
Said note was stolen from me at Monterey,
Mexico, on the 31st December, 1846; and I
hereby caution the public from trading for the
above Treasury note, as I have stopped its
payment at the U. S. Treasury, Washington.
A. G. Mayers
In addition to General Taylor?s campaign in
northeast Mexico, the United States launched
campaigns in New Mexico and Alta California under
Gen. Stephen Kearny; the Pacific coast under Naval
Commodores John Sloat and Robert F. Stockton; and
Southern Mexico, where the Navy under Commodore
Matthew Perry blockaded the Gulf of Mexico and
delivered U.S. land forces through Mexico?s main port
of Veracruz.
Providing money to these far-flung military
campaigns thousands of miles across the continent and
into foreign lands was a daunting logistical challenge
for the Treasury. That the Treasury relied extensively
upon Treasury notes to fund the military is
exemplified by this story in the Nov. 7, 1846 issue of
the Boon?s Lick Times of Fayette, Missouri:
THE ?BETTER CURRENCY.?--- We make
the following extract from a private letter
received a few days since, dated, ?Weston, Mo.,
Nov. 3, 1846.?
?Living only five miles from Fort Leavenworth,
I have a chance to see some things that are
going on there. On last Tuesday night they
received funds to pay off their DUE BILLS; it
came on in rolls, like wall paper---Treasury
Notes not cut. That was the pay the poor
fellows got for their due bills---at least the few
of them that succeeded in getting hold of them-
-- for I tell you they were all used up in a few
days. I know several persons who had due bills
to the amount of Ten Thousand Dollars, who
went over to the Fort and got a roll of this
wallpaper, to paper their---pockets! The
balance who have Due Bills, are patiently
waiting for a new supply of the Red Backs!
They go here, fast, at ten per cent. Discount.?
In addition to unsanitary conditions and ever-
present diseases such as dysentery, U.S. soldiers were
subjected to late pay from their Quartermasters and the
plague of ?camp followers?, consisting of predatory
sutlers, liquor sellers, gamblers and prostitutes, all
intent upon relieving them of their pay. One general
became so disgusted with the discounting (known as
?shaving?) of soldier?s Treasury notes by sutlers that
he issued this order:
(Order No. 47.)
Head Quarters 2d Brigade, 2 division
Volunteer Corps, Army of Occupation,
Camargo, November 12, 1846
1. Sutlers will receive Treasury notes in payment for
goods purchased by the soldiers, or any balances that
shall or may be against them, at their par value, and any
attempt to extort more than this value will be punished,
when properly brought before the general commanding
the brigade, by shutting up the store and sending the
goods or the offender out of the country.
2. The General commanding the brigade can scarcely
find words to express the astonishment he feels at the
rapacity which is not content with absorbing every
copper of the soldier?s hard earned pittance, but it must
turn to shaving the money which he is bound to take
when offered by Government, or none. He trusts that
none of the sutlers of his brigade have been guilty of
this outrage; but, if they have, he warns them against its
Large denomination Treasury notes were issued to the Army
throughout the southwest and Mexico to buy supplies.
(Author?s collection)
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91
repetition in future, as he is determined to carry out his
measures to the very letter.
3. Commanding officers of regiments are held strictly
responsible for the literal enforcement of the above
order.
By order of Brigadier General Pillow.
O. F. WINSHIP.
Assistant Adjutant General12
Quartermasters seeking to buy supplies for their
regiments suffered from receiving Treasury notes
instead of coin from the Treasury. As Brigadier
General John E. Wool, in a dispatch from Coahuila,
Mexico on October 14, 1846 reported, ?Unfortunately
the quartermaster?s department is without specie.
Treasury notes are of no use to us, as the Mexicans will
take nothing but gold and silver. With private means,
and borrowing, we shall be able to pay for half rations
of corn during our stay at this place.?13
The commander-in-chief of the army was
General Winfield Scott. Known as ?Old fuss and
feathers?, Scott was a vain, hulking, blustering tower
of a man at six feet five inches. Scott had basked in
the glory of being the nation?s top military man for
over thirty years. He possessed outstanding military
skills and was a well-read military tactician. During
the War of 1812 he took a bullet and emerged as a hero
with the rank of general at the age of 27. His
leadership in various Indian wars led to his
appointment in 1841 as the army?s general-in-chief.
War Budget for 1847
On November 7 Polk?s cabinet met to discuss
budgets for the coming year. Secretary of War
William Marcy estimated he would need $20 million
to fight the war, an enormous figure in this era. Polk
expressed fear that such a huge amount of money
might alarm the public and frighten banks and
investors. They also discussed the likelihood that the
big banks were boycotting Treasury loans to protest
the Independent Treasury Act, which stripped the
banks of Government deposits by transferring them
into sub-treasury facilities.14
On December 9 Secretary Walker presented to
Congress his annual report, together with revenue and
expense projections for the remainder of the fiscal year
ending June 30, 1847. Taking into account Secretary
of War Marcy?s estimate to prosecute the war and
allowing for the Treasury to keep on hand a reserve of
$4 million, Walker calculated the government would
end the fiscal year with a deficit of $23 million.
So disheartened was Walker at the prospect of
securing loans from the New York banks that he
proposed a new 25% duty on coffee and tea to raise a
projected $2.5 million, despite the fact that he had
pushed through Congress a massive reduction in tariffs
earlier that year. He told Congress that ?in the absence
of these duties, it will probably be wholly
impracticable to negotiate the loan on such terms as
would be permitted by Congress.?
Even if he were to empty the vaults of the New
York City banks of every single dollar in gold and
silver, it would amount to not more than $8 million.
Walker needed to expand the supply of money and
printing Treasury notes seemed to be the quickest way
to do it.15
Walker recommended that Congress fund most of
the deficit by issuing $19 million in Treasury notes,
with the option that he could substitute a 20-year loan
for any part of that amount.
On January 28, 1847 President Polk signed into
the law the new Treasury note act. It authorized $23
million in Treasury notes, redeemable in either one or
two years, and bearing a 6% interest rate payable semi-
annually. At the bearer?s option the notes could be
converted at any time into 20-year bonds earning 6%.
The Treasury notes could be issued in denominations
as low as $50 and upon redemption could be reissued
with new notes.
The government could use the Treasury notes to
pay public creditors, the military and anyone else
willing to accept them. The notes and bonds were to
be issued or sold at not less than par. The law also
gave the Treasury the flexibility to substitute 20-year
6% bonds for any portion of the Treasury notes.
Authority to issue the notes would cease six months
after ratification of a treaty of peace with Mexico.
Commanding General Winfield Scott was honored on this
$100 Treasury note issued in 1861. (Author?s collection)
Secretary of War William Marcy appears on the $1000
Silver Certificate of 1880. (Smithsonian Institution)
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The Treasury notes were to be signed by the
Treasurer and countersigned by the Register of the
Treasury. Bonds were to be signed by the Register and
stamped with the Treasury Department seal. This
appears to be the first use of the Treasury seal on a
U.S. obligation.
The law also extended the period for the issue of
the 1-year Treasury notes originally authorized by the
act of July 22, 1846, to a maximum of $5 million.
Treasury Mobbed for Old Notes
The New York Tribune reported on February 9
that plates for the new 2-year Treasury notes had been
engraved and some of them were printed but not yet
issued. However, the old 1-year notes previously
issued enjoyed a sudden surge of demand. Section 14
of the new law provided that ?it shall and may be
lawful for the holder of any Treasury notes issued or
authorized to be issued, under this act, or any loans
heretofore passed to convert the same into certificates
of funded stock upon the same terms and in the same
manner hereinbefore provided in relation to the
Treasury notes authorized by the first section of this
act.? (Author?s emphasis).
The unique provision of Section 14 allowed all
Treasury notes issued under all previous acts to be
converted into 20-year loans at 6%. The New York
Tribune reported ?The Sub-Treasurer has been
overrun with applicants, specie in hand, for Treasury
Notes under the old act, and has declined receiving any
more specie until he has instructions from the
Department at Washington. He has had since
Thursday more than half a million offered him for
Treasury Notes... Orders have gone from here to buy
at the South, and specie has been shipped to the Rio
Grande to buy up what may be circulating in that part
of the country.?16
The Treasury was caught unprepared to deal with
the Treasury notes that poured in.17 Officials quickly
met to hammer out procedures for converting notes
into bonds and published instructions on February 15.
It advised that depositors of Treasury notes would
receive ?certificates of deposite? showing the
principal on which bonds would be issued. The
depositor was to then forward the certificate to the
Register of the Treasury, requesting the denominations
of bonds wanted. Any accrued interest would be paid
separately by draft.18
As a result of Section 14, $133,728 in old pre-
1846 Treasury notes were withdrawn from public
hands and converted into 6% twenty-year bonds.
Certainly this explains in part the lack of these early
Treasury notes surviving in collectors? hands today. 19
$18 Million Treasury Note Gamble
Less than two weeks after passage of the new
Treasury note act, Secretary Walker took a huge
gamble: He immediately offered at auction $18
million of the $23 million authorized. It would be the
single largest issue of Treasury notes ever. Haunted
by the poor response he had received from his
Treasury note offering in October, it represented a
considerable risk.
Walker set terms of the offering to allow bids for
as little as $50. Moreover, he suggested that the notes
might trade at a premium due to their convertibility
into 20-year bonds paying 6% (known as the ?6?s of
1867?). It was an audacious pronouncement from a
Secretary of the Treasury.
On February 22, 1847 the armies of Santa Anna
and Zachary Taylor clashed at Buena Vista. An
overwhelming force of 15,142 Mexican troops
confronted 4,750 Americans. After U.S. forces
repeatedly repulsed attacks for two days, Santa Anna?s
army withdrew. It was a major victory for the
outnumbered Americans. Taylor was lionized in the
American press.
Buena Vista was the final battle for northern
Mexico, fueling speculation that the war might end
soon. Now both New Mexico and California were
firmly under U.S. control. The budding optimism was
immensely valuable to Secretary Walker because such
expectations drove up demand for Treasury notes and
bonds.
On March 9, forces under General Winfield Scott
launched a naval assault against the key Mexican port
of Veracruz, then regarded as the strongest fortress in
North America. On March 13 Scott?s forces landed
and formed a 7-mile siege line around the city. After
Mexican defenders declined Scott?s demand for
surrender on March 22, gunboat cannons and rocket
fire pounded the city.
General Zachary Taylor directs the Battle of Buena Vista
(Currier & Ives lithograph)
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Three days later the Mexicans asked for a
temporary truce so that women and children could be
taken to safety. Scott refused. On March 29 the
Mexican army surrendered its garrisons and the
Americans hoisted their flag over the city.
It was not until Saturday, April 10 that news of
the capture of Veracruz reached Washington. It also
was the final day for bids on the $18 million Treasury
note offering. Walker immediately telegraphed orders
for the Treasury offices to keep their doors open until
midnight so that bids could be accepted up to the last
minute. Treasury officials worked to get out word of
the Veracruz victory to every prospective bidder, in
case they wanted to place or update their bid. A bid
from a group of New York banks was not received
until 8:00 pm that evening; bids came in as late as
11:00 pm.
On Monday morning the bids were opened, with
Secy. Walker personally breaking the seals in the
presence of three Treasury officials. After all the bids
were tallied the total amounted to an astounding $58
million--- more than three times the amount offered!
Moreover, for the first time during a war the entire
loan was subscribed to at a premium above its face
value.
The Washington bank of Corcoran & Riggs bid
for the entire $18 million and won $14.7 million at a
premium of 1/8 over par ($100.125 per $100). Elisha
Riggs of New York, father of George Riggs of
Corcoran & Riggs, obtained $1.65 million at $100.15.
The remaining $1.9 million were sold to a few other
banks and various small investors at premiums up to
2?%.20
Altogether Corcoran & Riggs, together with
Elisha Riggs, won over 90% of the entire offering.
The big New York, Boston and Philadelphia
banking houses failed to get any of the Treasury notes.
Angrily they complained that the bids were rigged
against them. Yet it was a moment of triumph for
Walker, who had been shunned by the same banks just
months earlier.21
Two-Year Treasury Notes
The new 2-year 6% Treasury Notes made their
public debut about mid-February. On February 17 the
Baltimore Sun reported that Treasury notes of the new
issue traded in New York on Monday, February 15 at
a 2% premium.
They were issued in denominations of $50, $100,
$500 and $1000. For the first time ever a $5000
denomination also was issued.
The Treasury contracted with two firms to design,
engrave and print the notes. For the $100 and $500
denominations the firm of Rawdon, Wright, Hatch &
Edson resurrected a design similar to the $50 Demand
note they produced for the Treasury in 1843. The
central design features an eagle with spread wings. A
?beaded necklace? comprising the States? coats of
arms curls around the eagle and the denomination
counters at left and right. The $100 note has vignettes
of a young lady at left and Liberty, Athena and Plenty
standing at right. The $500 has vignettes of Minerva
standing at left and Justice standing at right. Both
notes were overprinted with numerical protectors
(?100? and ?500?) in rust red.
The $50, $1000 and $5000 were produced by
Toppan, Carpenter & Co. of Philadelphia. The $50
note features a scene of an Indian Princess seated with
an eagle, shield, flags and a cornucopia. To her right
is a portrait of George Washington. On the left side is
a portrait of Benjamin Franklin and on the right is a
female representing the arts.
William Corcoran?s bank bid
for the entire $18 million of
Treasury notes in April 1847.
(Wikipedia.com)
Rawdon, Wright, Hatch & Edson resurrected elements first
used for Treasury notes in 1843 for its 1847 design. Obligation
at bottom allows conversion into 20-year 6% bonds.
(Stacks-Bowers)
In addition to the central eagle vignette, Rawdon?s 1847 $500
design portrays Minerva at left and Justice at right.
(Stacks-Bowers)
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94
Cameos at left on the 1847 $1000 note are of former Treasury
secretaries Alexander Dallas (top) and Albert Gallatain
(bottom). (Stacks-Bowers)
The 1847 $5000 note of Toppan, Carpenter & Co., has a
medallion engraving of Washington, with representations of
Agriculture and Minerva at left and right. (Author?s collection)
The $1000 note has a spread-winged eagle on
rocks with ships on either side, most likely
symbolizing America spanning the continent to the
Atlantic and Pacific oceans. At left are small portraits
of past Treasury Secretary Alexander Dallas, above,
and his friend, past Treasury Secretary Albert Gallatin,
below. At right is an Indian Princess symbolizing
America.
On the $5000 Treasury note the central design
consists of two vignettes: An eagle on a tree branch
with a harbor scene in the background, and a medallion
bust of George Washington. The left end has a female
symbolic of Agriculture while the right end has
Minerva.
All 2-year Treasury notes bear the obligation
?Receivable for all Public Dues? and a fixed interest
rate of six percent. They were redeemable for specie
two years after the date hand-written on the face of the
note. Interest was payable semi-annually. When the
first interest payment was made the note was to be
stamped on its face ?six months? interest paid?, at the
second payment stamped ?twelve months? interest
paid? and so on.22
The notes also are imprinted with the act date of
28 January 1847 and the 20-year bond conversion
obligation: ?Principal fundable at the option of the
holder in United States 6 per cent stock with
semiannual interest redeemable after 1867?.
All 1847 2-year Treasury notes feature on their backs a
convenient table to calculate interest accrued from the date of
issue.
All 1847 2-year Treasury notes have ?PAY TO BEARER?
and a line for the original recipient to endorse the note,
converting it into a bearer obligation.
The backs of the 2-year notes are engraved and
printed in orange with geometric designs and
denomination counters. At the center is an ?Interest
Table? displaying the exact amount of interest the
Treasury note earned in dollars and cents per year, per
month and per day. To the right of this is a space for
the person to whom the note is made payable on the
face to endorse. Once endorsed, the engraved ?PAY
TO BEARER? made the note a circulating obligation.
While proofs or specimens of most all these notes
exist, there does not appear to be any known example
of the back design of the $100 denomination.
It is believed that all notes were overprinted on
the front with denomination protectors. However, no
fully printed $50, $100 or $1000 notes are known, so
the existence of protector overprints is not verified.
The 1847 $50 of Toppan, Carpenter & Co. has vignettes of
Washington and Franklin plus symbolic portrayals of Liberty
and the Arts. (Heritage auctions)
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95
Because the new 2-year Treasury notes traded at
a premium to face value and were readily convertible
into bonds, it is unlikely that any ever entered general
circulation.
One-year Treasury notes of the old design
continued to be issued under the authority provided by
the act of 28 January 1847. However, the Treasury
department overprinted these notes with the act date so
as to distinguish them from previous issues (Figures
19b. and 19c.).
The old 1-year Treasury notes carried over from 1846 to 1847
were overprinted vertically at left ?Act of 28th Jany 1847.?
(Stacks-Bowers)
Not So Fast
Anticipating peace negotiations, President Polk
appointed Nicholas Trist, chief clerk of Secretary of
State James Buchanan, as his emissary to accompany
General Scott in Mexico. Trist had full power to
negotiate a treaty and was instructed to operate in
absolute secrecy. Polk told Trist he was prepared to
pay Mexico up to $20 million, or up to $30 million if
Mexico would include Lower California in the deal.
On May 7 Polk received a telegraph announcing
a great victory by General Scott against Santa Anna on
the main road from Veracruz to Mexico City. Santa
Anna barely escaped, leaving behind $6,000 in coin.
Four of his generals and three thousand troops were
captured by the Americans.
It seemed that all that remained for the
government of Mexico was to negotiate peace. But no
such message came from them. General Scott would
have to fight his way for months through a series of
battles to the doorstep of the capital.
On August 8, just eight miles from Mexico City,
Santa Anna placed 7,000 men and thirty cannon to halt
Scott?s advance. But Scott went around them, setting
up an approach from the south. Santa Anna responded
by moving 20,000 troops into defensive positions
south of the city.
Prodding for weak points in the Mexican
perimeter, 4,500 U.S. soldiers engaged 7,000
Mexicans at the town of Contreras, killing 700 and
capturing 800, including four Mexican generals. Scott
then launched three successful attacks near the town of
Churubusco. Santa Anna lost 4,000 soldiers killed or
wounded and 3,000 captured, including eight generals.
Scott lost just 139 men killed and 800 wounded. On
August 20 Santa Anna was forced to withdraw into
Mexico City.
On September 8 Scott sent 3,500 to attack Molina
del Rey, a cannon foundry defended by more than
8,000 Mexican troops at the edge of the city. The
Mexicans lost some 2,000 killed or wounded, with
light casualties on the American side. Although vastly
outnumbered, the Americans continued to advance.
On September 12 they bombarded the Castle of
Chapultepec, atop a hill overlooking the city. The next
day Santa Anna?s army withdrew from the castle after
suffering 1,800 casualties.
On September 14 the city?s leaders approached
Scott under a flag of truce to negotiate surrender.
Santa Anna and the remains of his army had fled.
Upon accepting their surrender Scott marched his
troops into the central square of Mexico City, hoisted
the American flag atop the National Palace and
declared victory.
General Scott?s army of less than 11,000 men
defeated an army of 30,000 in fortified positions.
Once again, Scott proved himself to be a brilliant
general. The Duke of Wellington called him ?the
greatest living soldier? and declared his campaign to
be ?unsurpassed in military annals.?
The War Drags On
Surprisingly, the capture of Mexico City did not
bring Mexico to the negotiating table. As the war
dragged on into the fall and hopes for a quick peace
faded, the premium on the Treasury notes steadily
declined to near face value.
At an October 12 cabinet meeting Polk
announced that he wanted to press America?s military
control of Mexico to the fullest. He would ask
Congress to claim California and New Mexico as war
indemnities and propose territorial governments for
both. Moreover, he would offer Mexico no peace
Mexican General Antonio
Lopez de Santa Anna suffered
a series of crushing defeats at
the hands of General Scott,
culminating in the loss of
Mexico City to the Americans.
Paper Money * March/April 2021 * Whole No. 332
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proposals but instead wait for it to sue for peace under
the increasingly heavy boot of the U.S. army. His
cabinet agreed on all points.
President Polk sent Trist a letter with orders to
cease any negotiations and return to Washington.
When on November 16 Trist received his recall order,
he advised Mexico?s foreign minister. Upon hearing
the news, the minister wept.
Santa Anna?s defeat had ushered in a new
moderate government. It appointed a delegation to
negotiate a treaty of peace with Trist. After consulting
General Scott, Trist decided to defy the President and
negotiate with Mexico, notwithstanding that he had no
legal authority. After all, Scott advised, how could
Polk reject a treaty if it met all the terms Polk had
asked for?
Throughout January of 1848 Trist met with the
commissioners in Guadalupe Hidalgo, a town just
north of Mexico City. Trist warned that his
government was likely to physically remove him at
any moment, so they must come to terms promptly or
risk a much longer war and even larger losses.
On February 2, Mexico signed the ?Treaty of
Peace, Friendship, Limits and Settlement?, later
known as the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. But it
would be weeks until word of the treaty reached the
President.
Meanwhile back in Washington, in his budget for
the next fiscal year ending June 30, 1849 President
Polk asked Congress for a new loan of $18.5 million
on the same terms as the Act of January 28, 1847. That
is to say, he wanted Treasury notes convertible into
long-term bonds. It was predicated on continuing the
war with Mexico and imposing no new taxes.
Since the twenty-year 6% loan was so popular,
why not ask Congress for bonds only, rather than
Treasury notes convertible into bonds? The answer
was that Walker had a plan. Mexico?s single largest
export was silver and gold from its rich mines. Walker
proposed that the U.S. Treasury buy Mexico?s specie
with Treasury notes. The specie would be shipped to
the New Orleans Mint, where it would be melted and
struck into U.S. coins.23
According to the Washington Union, U.S.
Treasury notes were then bringing an 8% premium in
Mexico. If Congress would authorize them, Walker?s
Treasury notes could buy Mexican silver and gold at a
considerable discount.24
On February 17 Walker lost his bid for more
Treasury notes when the House voted 105 to 104 for
bonds exclusively. The next day Polk received a
garbled, encoded telegraphic message. It seemed to
say that Trist had reached Charleston with a peace
treaty in hand.
Two days later a courier delivered the treaty to
Secretary Buchanan, who met with Polk that night to
review it. Although Polk was angry with Trist?s
insubordination, he acknowledged that the treaty
complied in every way with the directions he?d given.
After discussing the treaty with his cabinet, Polk sent
it to the Senate.
On March 10 the Senate ratified the treaty with a
bipartisan vote of 38 to 14, with four abstentions. On
June 9, 1848 word reached America that Mexico had
ratified the treaty.
Peace was established. The United States
acquired 600,000 square miles of North America and
an immensely valuable Pacific coastline. It was paid
for with 13,780 American lives and $200 million
dollars.25
On November 30, 1848 the Treasury closed its
books on the Treasury notes of the Act of January 28,
1847. Including re-issues authorized under the act, a
total of $25,651,100 in 2-year 6% notes and $471,000
in 1-year notes at 5 2/5% (of the old design but with
the act date overprinted vertically at left) were issued.
All the 1-year notes under this act were sold for
specie.26
Due to the provision allowing Treasury notes to
be ?funded? into twenty-year 6% bonds, by 1891
$24,691,178 in Treasury notes had been converted by
their owners. Of the combined total of $33,809,900 in
Treasury notes issued during the Mexican War, plus
nearly $134,000 in old pre-1846 Treasury notes
submitted to the Treasury, almost 73% were converted
into bonds.27
There is ample evidence, both in official reports
as well as in contemporary press, that most of the 1-
year Treasury notes issued under the Act of July 26,
1846 were used as money by the Treasury, starting
with nearly $6 million paid for warrants.
Polk?s war yielded a
staggering 600,000
square miles to the
U.S. Robert Walker
was deeply
disappointed that Polk
didn?t seize all of
Mexico for the U.S.
Paper Money * March/April 2021 * Whole No. 332
97
1-Year Treasury Notes Issued Under Act of 26 July
1846.28
Sold for specie: $1,704,650
Paid out for warrants: $5,983,150
Total issued: $7,687,800
Of the above:
Treasury Notes at One Mill %: $1,766,450*
Treasury Notes at 5 2/5%: $5,921,350
*The Dec. 1846 Treasury report (Statement F) stated
$3,853,100 in Treasury notes were issued to date. Of
that, $1,766,450 were at ?one mill percent on every one
hundred dollars?. Since the Treasury ceased issuing
one mill notes on 24 Oct. 1846 this represents
the entire issue of one mill notes.
By contrast, all of the 2-year Treasury Notes of the
act of Jan. 28, 1847 were sold for specie to investors,
brokers and banks at premiums to face value and held as
investments. They were not paid out for warrants nor
otherwise used as a substitute for specie by the Treasury.
According to Knox the following amounts of
Treasury notes issued for the Mexican War were still
outstanding as of October 1, 1887:
Notes Act Face Value
Treasury Notes July 22, 1846 $5,900
Treasury Notes Jan. 28, 1847 $ 950
If Treasury notes lost or accidentally destroyed
over the years are taken into account, it is easy to see
why no notes issued under either of these acts are known
to exist today. Fortunately a handful of proofs and
specimens, in particular from the holdings of Alexandre
Vattemare, survive for us to study and appreciate.
Listing of Mexican War Treasury Notes
Here is a new listing of 1846-47 U.S. Treasury
notes, cross-referenced to the Hessler catalog as
applicable.
Act of July 22, 1846
With the declaration of war with Mexico the United
States authorized a loan, Treasury Notes or both, up to
$10 million. The interest rate was not to exceed six
percent. Beginning August 20, 1846 the Treasury issued
1-year notes amounting to $7.7 million. $1.8 million
were issued at an interest rate of one mill. Printing
plates of the old designs, previously used in 1843, were
resurrected, with the exception of the $50 Demand note
(Hessler X-110A). The notes may be identified by
handwritten dates from August 20, 1846 onward with
handwritten interest rates of one mill percent or 5 2/5%.
1-Year Note at One Mill & 5 2/5%
Denom Hessler# Description
$50 X114A As X99A/B but overprinted
?Pay to the Order of? and
?Pay to Bearer? on back.
$100 X108B As X99C/D ?
$500 X114C As X99E/F ?
$1000 X108D As X99G/H ?
Act of January 28, 1847
Authorized Treasury Notes redeemable in 2 years
and bearing interest of six percent. The notes were
convertible at the option of the holder into 20-year 6%
bonds. Issued beginning in February, 1847. $23
million were authorized but $26.1 million issued due to
reissues. The first $5000 denomination was issued
under this act. Rawdon, Wright, Hatch & Edson
produced new designs for the $100 and $500 notes,
while Toppan, Carpenter & Co. produced the $50,
$1000 and $5000 notes. Ornate orange back designs
include an interest rate table and ?PAY TO BEARER?
for the original payee to endorse.
In addition to the 2-year notes, an additional $5
million of 1-year notes of the previous 1846 type were
authorized. The act added a provision that holders of
these and all previously issued Treasury Notes could
elect to convert them into 20-year 6% bonds. These
notes are overprinted ?Act of 28th Jany 1847? vertically
at left (see Hessler X114B). These notes were issued
with a handwritten interest rate of 5 2/5%.
2-Year 6% Notes
Denom Hessler Description
$50 X115A Indian maiden as America?
with eagle, shield and flags;
Benjamin Franklin at left.
$100 X115B Eagle at center, Liberty
holding olive branch at right.
?100? Protector in rust red.
$500 X115C Eagle at center, Minerva at
left, Justice at right. ?500?
Protector in rust red.
$1000 X115D Eagle with ships at center,
Alexander Dallas and Albert
Gallatin at left, Indian maiden
as ?America? at right.
$5000 X115E Eagle on branch with ships at
center, medallion of George
Washington to right; woman
symbolizing ?Agriculture? at
left, Minerva as ?America? at
far right. ?5000? Protector in
blue.
Paper Money * March/April 2021 * Whole No. 332
98
1-Year 5 2/5% Note
Denom Hessler Description
$50 -------- As X114A but overprinted ?Act of 28th Jany 1847? vertically at left
$100 X114B Overprinted ?Act of 28th Jany 1847? vertically at left
$500 X114C ?
$1000 X108D ?
Footnotes
1. Shenton, Robert John Walker, p. 87.
2. Merry, A Country of Vast Designs, pp. 579-80.
3. ibid, pp. 580-583.
4. Merk, Manifest Destiny, p. 88.
5. Merry, A Country of Vast Designs, pp. 630-631.
6. New York Tribune, New York, NY, 17 Jun 1846, p. 2
7. Shenton, Robert John Walker, p. 93.
8. Baltimore Daily Commercial, Baltimore, MD, 24 Aug 1846, p.
4; The Washington Union, Washington, D.C., 8 Oct 1846, p. 3.
9. Cummings, Towards Modern Public Finance, p. 159
10. Ibid, p. 167.
11. The Tri-Weekly Commercial, Wilmington, NC 5 Nov 1846 p. 2.
12. Polk, Diary, Vol. 2, pp. 219-221.
13.?Hard Money Progress?, The Pittsburgh Gazette,
Pittsburgh, PA 29 Dec 1846 p. 2.
14. Cummings, Towards Modern Public Finance, pp. 166-167.
15. The Washington Union, Washington, D.C., 24 Nov 1846, p. 2.
16. The Baltimore Sun, Baltimore, MD 22 Jan 1847 p. 4
17. New-York Tribune, New York, NY, 9 Feb 1847 p. 3
18. Shenton, Robert John Walker, p. 95.
19. The Washington Union, Washington, DC, 24 Mar 1847, p. 2.
20. Report of the Secretary of the Treasury, 1848, Table C, p. 319.
21. Weekly National Intelligencer, Washington, D.C., 17 Apr 1847,
p. X
22. The Evening Post, New York, NY, 5 Mar 1847, p. X
23. Cummings, Towards Modern Public Finance, p. 246-248
24. Weekly National Intelligencer, Washington, DC, 18 Dec 1847,
p. X
25. Shenton, Robert John Walker, p. 104
26. Cummings, Towards Modern Public Finance, pp. 418-424.
Several attempts have been made over the years to estimate the total
cost of the Mexican-American war, including treaty payments and
war pensions. Cummings calculates the amount to be $213 million.
27. Cummings, Towards Modern Public Finance, pp. 250-
252; Report of the Secretary of the Treasury, Dec. 1847, Table L
28. Cummings, Towards Modern Public Finance, p. 252-253
Sources
Appleton's Cyclopedia of American Biography 1600-1889, Vol. 6, Biographical sketch Robert J. Walker, p. 329.
Biographical Dictionary of the Secretaries of the Treasury, 1789-1995, ed. Bernard S. Katz & Daniel C. Vencill, (Westport, CT:
Greenwood Press, 1996) pp. 364-369.
Cummings, James W., Towards Modern Public Finance: The American War with Mexico, 1846-1848, (New York, NY: Routlidge Taylor
& Francis Group, 2016).
Dodd, William Edward, Robert J. Walker, Imperialist, (Chicago Literary Club, 1914).
Hessler, Gene, An Illustrated History of U. S. Loans; 1775-1898, (Port Clinton, OH: BNR Press, 1988).
Howard, George H., The Monumental City, Its Post History and Present Resources, (Baltimore, MD: J. D. Ehlers & Co., 1873) p. 578.
Johannson, Robert W., "Who is James K. Polk? The Enigma of our Eleventh President" Lecture presented in the Rutherford B, Hayes
Auditorium, 14 Feb. 1999, rbhayes.org.
Knox, John Jay, United States Notes, 3rd Ed. Revised, (New York, NY: Charles Scribner?s Sons, 1888) pp. 63-69.
Lambert, Robert S., The Democratic National Convention of 1844, Tennessee Historical Quarterly, Vol. 14, No. 1, March 1955, pp. 3-23.
Merk, Frederick, Manifest Destiny and Mission in American History, A Reinterpretation, (Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ Press, 1995).
Merry, Robert W., A Country of Vast Designs, (New York, NY: Simon & Schuster, New York, 2009)
National Archives and Record Administration II, College Park MD, Records of the Bureau of the Public Debt, Record Group 53 (RG 53),
Entry 369 (E-369), Vols 1-5. The numerical register of Treasury notes 1846-47
Newspapers.com
Official Army Register for 1846, Adjutant General?s Office, (Washington, D.C., January 1846)
Polk, J. K., The Diary of James K. Polk during His Presidency; 1845-1849, ed. M. M. Quaife, 4 vols (Chicago, IL: A. C. McClurg &
Company, 1910).
Risch, Erna, Quartermaster Support of the Army: A History of the Corps, 1775-1939 pp. 270-275
Shenton, James Patrick, Robert John Walker: A Politician from Jackson to Lincoln, (New York, NY: Columbia University Press, 1961)
The United States-Mexican War, 1846-1848, peacehistory-usfp.org
Walker, R. J., Annual Report of the Secretary of the Treasury on the State of the Finances, Dec 1846-Dec 1847 (Revised Jan. 1848).
Walker, Robert J., Biographical sketch, snaccooperative.org
Walker, Robert J., Biographical sketch, Wikipedia.com
Woodward, G. Thomas, Revenue Response from a Tax Cut: The Walker Tariff of 1846, National Tax Association, Vol. 104, 104th Annual
Conference on Taxation, Nov. 17-19, 2011, pp. 139-146.
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Origin of Series of 1907
$10 Gold Certificates and
$5 Legal Tender Notes
The officials in the U. S. Treasury were saddled with an annoying dilemma in the years immediately
following the turn of the last century. They couldn?t supply sufficient numbers of low denomination notes
to satisfy public and commercial demand. Their definition of low denominations was those of $10 or less.
The purpose of this article is to explain the steps taken to resolve the problem.
U. S. Treasurer Charles H. Treat braced Congress to take action in his 1906 annual report as follows
(Treat, 1906, p. 129).
CONGRESS CAN PROVIDE REMEDIES
The National Government furnishes nearly three-fourths of the paper circulation, and the supply of
denominations should respond to the demands of the public. The pressure from bankers and others for a
larger and regular supply of small denominations of currency continues unabated, with the Treasury unable
under existing law to comply with the urgent requests. The sentiment of the country seems so unanimous
for a rectification of this untoward condition that it is naturally to be expected that Congress will ultimately
enact the legislation that it has under consideration, which will bring full relief to Treasury conditions and
add to the volume of small denominations without inflating the currency.
What Treat meant by the Federal government suppling three-fourths of the currency supply was
Treasury currency?legal tender notes, gold certificates and silver certificates?which were current at the
time, as opposed to bank currency, which at the time consisted wholly of national bank notes.
The Paper
Column
Peter Huntoon
Figure 1. Series of 1907 $10 gold certificates, a series created to alleviate a shortage of small denomination notes
in circulation, became the most widely used of the $10 Treasury currencies available in succeeding years.
Heritage Auction archives photo.
Paper Money * March/April 2021 * Whole No. 332
100
The recently passed Gold Standard Act of March 14, 1900, crimped the ability of the Treasury to
supply small denomination currency. It along with all previous legislation authorizing the issuance of gold
certificates required that they be at least $20 denominations.
The Gold Standard Act also imposed guidelines for the silver certificate and legal tender issues;
specifically, future issuances of silver certificates were largely restricted to $10 and smaller denominations
and issuances of legal tender notes to $10 and higher denominations. These edicts were specified in Section
7 as follows.
That hereafter silver certificates shall be issued only of denominations of ten dollars and under, except
that not exceeding in the aggregate ten per centum of the total volume of said certificates, in the discretion
of the Secretary of the Treasury, may be issued in denominations of twenty dollars, fifty dollars, and one
hundred dollars; and silver certificates of higher denomination than ten dollars, except as herein provided,
shall, whenever received at the Treasury or redeemed, be retired and canceled, and certificates of
denominations of ten dollars or less shall be substituted therefor, and after such substitution, in whole or
in part, a like volume of United States notes of less denomination than ten dollars shall from time to time
be retired and canceled, and notes of denominations of ten dollars and upward shall be reissued in
substitution therefore, with like qualities and restrictions as those retired and canceled.
The upshot was that the future $1, $2 and $5 Treasury currency issues were going to be confined
to silver certificates and past $1, $2 and $5 legal tender notes were going to be withdrawn from circulation.
The total circulation of legal tender notes had been fixed at $346,681,016 when ?An act to forbid
the further retirement of United States legal-tender notes? was passed on May 31, 1878. The last of the
Series of 1880 $1 and $2 legal tender notes had been printed in fiscal year 1896, and now, in 1900,
production of the $5s ceased. Modest widely spaced printings of $20 Series of 1880 legal tenders were
printed up through fiscal year 1926, and there even were printings of $1000s in 1904 and 1909 totaling
56,000 notes. However, production of all the other high denomination legal tenders ceased in 1900.
Thereafter, $10s became the primary substitutes for the redeemed legal tenders as the provisions of the
Gold Standard Act were carried out.
It is no coincidence that the issuance of modernized $10 Series of 1901 bison legal tender note was
launched as a one-denomination series. The Treasury hoped they would go a long way toward satisfying
Figure 2. The Gold Standard Act of 1900 eliminated the production of $1, $2 and $5 legal tender notes and
elevated $10 legal tender notes to a position of dominance in future large-size legal tender circulation in the
form of these Series of 1901 bison notes. Heritage Auction archives photo.
Paper Money * March/April 2021 * Whole No. 332
101
the demand for $10s. Concurrently, the production of permitted $10
Series of 1891 silver certificates was wound down to zero by fiscal year
1904, so that $1, $2 and $5s silver certificates could be substituted in
their stead.
The burden for supplying $1, $2 and $5 notes rested entirely on
the silver certificates after the Gold Standard Act went into effect. The
volume of those notes was limited by the volume of higher denomination
silver certificates that could be redeemed and reissued in the smaller
denominations plus new silver purchases that could be coined into silver
dollars that the Treasury would stockpile to back additional issues.
Treasurer Treat made it clear that the low denomination silver
certificate emissions weren?t up to the task of meeting the demand. Much
of his concern, which was not stated, was the Congressionally mandated
limitations remained on silver purchases. The hard money Republican faction in Congress considered silver
money to be inflationary because so much silver was being produced. Although they deplored monetizing
silver, their compromise with the soft money crowd was to impose legislated limitations on how much of
it that Treasury could purchase and coin into dollars to back silver certificates.
Treasury?s pleas for Congressional relief over the small-denomination dilemma was forthcoming
with passage of amendatory legislation passed March 4, 1907. The sections in that act relevant to this
discussion are reproduced here with the revised language highlighted in boldface.
Act of March 4, 1907
An Act To amend the national banking Act, and for other purposes.
Sec. 6. That the Secretary of the Treasury is hereby authorized and directed to receive deposits of
gold coin with the Treasurer, or any assistant treasurer of the Unties States in sums of not less than twenty
dollars, and to issue gold certificates therefore in denominations of not less than ten dollars, and the coin
so deposited shall be retained in the Treasury and held for the payment of such certificates on demand, and
used for no other purposes. Such certificates shall be receivable for customs, taxes, and all public dues,
and when so received may be reissued, and when held by any national banking association may be counted
as a part of its lawful reserve. * * * That of the amount of such outstanding certificates one-fourth at
least shall be in denominations of fifty dollars or less. * * *
Sec. 2. That whenever and so long as the outstanding silver certificates of the denominators of one
dollar, two dollars, and five dollars, issued under [Act of March 14, 1900] shall be, in the opinion of the
Secretary of the Treasury, insufficient to meet the public demand therefor, he is hereby authorized to
issue United States notes of the denominations of one dollar, two dollars, and five dollars, and upon
the issue of United States notes of such denominations an equal amount of United States notes of
higher denominations shall be retired and canceled: Provided, however, That the aggregate amount of
United States notes at any time outstanding shall remain as at present fixed by law [$346,681,016]: And
provided further, That nothing in this Act shall be construed as affecting the right of any national bank to
issue one-third in amount of its circulation notes of the denomination of five dollars, as now provided by
law.
Treasurer Treat jubilantly reported passage of the Act of 1907 in his annual report for 1907 as
follows (Treat, 1907, p. 135).
DEMAND FOR SMALL DENOMINATION CURRENCY
Recent legislation by Congress, without inflating the currency, has enlarged the resources of
the Treasury for the issue of small denominations through the process of redemption and reissue. The
change will be made as rapidly as possible under existing conditions. The facilities for printing the notes
are limited at present, but it is expected that the output in the near future will enable the Department to
respond promptly and fully to all demands for small denominations of currency.
Figure 3. The annual reports by Treasurer Charles H. Treat provide the
basis for our understanding of the call for and impact of the Act of March 4,
1907, that addressed a lack of small denomination notes in circulation.
Brooklyn Daily Eagle, Oct 3, 1906, photo.
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The national banks have increased the volume of their $5 notes from $76,889,175 outstanding
June 30, 1906, to $118,596,700 on October 1, 1907, and it is expected that they will continue the growth
of that denomination until the limit (one-third in amount of their circulating notes) has been reached.
There were three items of particular note in the 1907 legislation. First, $10 gold certificates were
authorized for the first time in our history, a denomination considered to be in short supply. Second, the
restrictions against the printings of $1, $2 and $5 legal tender notes in the Gold Standard Act were lifted.
Third, no new restrictions were placed on the issuance of $5s by national banks, so their continued
availability would help alleviate shortages of $5s.
The Treasury responded immediately by putting into production two new series; specifically, Series
of 1907 $10 gold certificates and Series of 1907 $5 legal tender notes. At the outset, each of these series
contained only one denomination in its class similar to the Series of 1901 $10 legal tenders. However, a
newly redesigned $1000 was added to the Series of 1907 gold certificates in fiscal year 1908, to replace the
$1000 1882 Department Series $1000s last printed in FY 1904. No other denominations ever were added
to the Series of 1907 legal tenders.
The contributions of Treasury currency toward supplying the demand for low denomination notes
in the ensuing decade (July 1, 1907 through June 30, 1916) were these. Series of 1899 silver certificates
accounted for all the $1s and $2s; respectively, 1,605,902,600 and 250,205,000 notes. Series of 1907 legal
tender notes and Series of 1899 silver certificates shared the burden for the $5s, split 183,318,000 and
209,581,000 notes, respectively. Series of 1901 legal tender notes, Series of 1908 silver certificates and
Series of 1907 gold certificates accounted for 39,102,000, 8,081,000 and 99,276,800 $10 notes,
respectively. Clearly, the gold certificates did the heavy lifting for the $10s.
There is a subtle but important factor that is important to this discussion. In 1878, when the
outstanding circulation of legal tender notes was frozen at $346,681,016, legal tender notes were the only
class of currency defined as lawful money that could be used by bankers as reserves against their national
bank note circulations and deposits. National currency was considered to be soft money because it was both
backed by and redeemable into greenback legal tender notes, which were nothing more than circulating
Figure 4. The Act of March 4, 1907 authorized the issuances of $1, $2 and $5 legal tender notes to help alleviate
the shortage of small denomination notes. Only these Series of 1907 $5s were actually used until 1917. Heritage
Auction archives photo.
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Federal debt. Hard money advocates wanted to do away with legal tender currency because they considered
it to be inflationary. If they had succeeded in redeeming all of it, national currency would vanish as well.
The fact that national bankers had to tie up huge amounts of legal tender notes in their reserves
meant that those notes were effectively off the streets and not available to commerce no matter what their
denominations. Congress already had provided a mechanism to dislodge the legal tender notes held by the
bankers in an amendment to the National Bank Act dated July 12, 1882. Section 12 of that act specified
that gold and silver certificates shall be counted as part of the lawful reserve of national banks. This in
effect defined silver and gold certificates as lawful money for national bank reserve purposes.
A careful reading of the Section 6 of the March 4, 1907, act reaffirmed the lawful status of gold
certificates; specifically, ?Such certificates * * * when held by any national banking association may be
counted as a part of its lawful reserve.? Through this opening, bankers were encouraged to substitute gold
certificates for their legal tender notes and silver certificates, and thereby release them to the Treasury so
they could be converted into the needed low denominations in their respective classes.
Here is where the Series of 1907 $1,000 gold certificates came in to play and the primary reason
for producing them. The Treasury started printing the $1000s in FY 1908 and by the end of FY 1917,
228,000 had been printed. Those notes were not at all useful in circulation; however, they were the perfect
vehicle for national bankers to use for their reserves because they were compact and easy to count. The
Treasury made them available for exactly this purpose. They would dislodge the high denomination legal
tender notes and silver certificates from the banker?s reserves, which Treasury could then substitute
respectively for new issues of $5 1907 and $10 1901 legal tender notes and $1, $2 and $5 1899 and $10
1908 silver certificates. This is exactly what transpired.
Notice here again, that the Treasury didn?t fall back to printing old design $10 Series of 1891 silver
certificates, which hadn?t been printed since FY 1903. Instead, in FY 1908, they came out with an entirely
new modernized silver certificate series, the Series of 1908. Once again, we had a new series that was
comprised of only one denomination. Ultimately a total of 10,208,000 of them were printed inclusive of
FYs 1908 and 1918 to help alleviate the shortage of $10s.
Figure 5. The primary purpose for printing Series of 1907 $1000s was so they could be substituted for high
denomination legal tender notes and silver certificates in national bank reserves so that an equal amount of
lower denominations in those classes could be reissued for use in circulation. Heritage Auction archives photo.
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The provisions in Act of 1907 dealing with bank reserves seems quite arcane but notice that they
created opportunities to accomplish the objective of introducing more $10 and smaller denominations into
circulation. Yes, subtle, but effective.
Notice that although authorized by the Act of March 4, 1907, no legal tender $1s or $2s were
utilized until 1917. Silver certificates of those denominations satisfied the demand until then.
The Comptroller of the Currency did his part to help the situation in 1906, as per this circular sent
to every national bank note cashier in the country (Ridgely, July 23, 1906).
Under authority of section 5172, U.S.R.S., relating to the engraving of plates and the printing
therefrom of national bank circulation, you may order, if you desire, a plate for four $10 notes in addition
to or in lieu of any plate heretofore ordered by your bank, the cost of which to your bank will be $75.
The act of March 14, 1900, provided in part that no national banking association shall be entitled to
receive and issue more than one-third in amount of its circulating notes of the denomination of $5; hence
an association desiring to issue $5 notes must necessarily issue also notes of other denominations.
Heretofore orders have been received for the printing from one plate of three $10 and one $20, but to enable
the issue of as large an amount of small notes as possible, the foregoing suggestion relative to ordering a
plate for four $10 is submitted.
The fact is that the problem of satisfying the demand for small denomination large-size notes never
was fully resolved. As but one example, the Treasury resorted to issuing legal tender $1 and $2 in 1917,
using the authority to do so vested in the Act of March 4, 1907, when silver certificates couldn?t satisfy all
the demand. These came out in the two-note legal tender Series of 1917.
References Cited and Sources of Data
Bureau of Engraving and Printing, 1906-1929, Annual reports of the Director of the Bureau of Engraving and Printing: Government
Printing Office, Washington, FC.
Treat, Charles H., 1906, Report of the Treasurer; in, Annual report of the Secretary of the Treasury on the state of the finances for
the fiscal year ended June 30, 1906: Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, p. 107-225.
Treat, Charles H., 1907, Report of the Treasurer; in, Annual report of the Secretary of the Treasury on the state of the finances for
the fiscal year ended June 30, 1907: Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, p. 113-237.
Ridgely, William B., July 23, 1906, Circular relative to ordering plates for $10 notes: Division of Issues, Office of the Comptroller
of the Currency, Washington, DC.
United States Statutes, various act pertaining to currency: Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.
Figure 6. Another new series, the Series of 1908 silver certificates with but one denomination, a $10, were
forthcoming in FY 1908 to be used to help relieve the shortage of $10s. Heritage Auction archives photo.
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British POW and Internee Camp Money
by Steve Feller
3-pence British POW note
Introduction
World War II had tens of thousand of camps that served a myriad of purposes. This included prisoners-of-war
(POW) camps, civilian internee camps, relocation centers, concentration camps, ghettos, industrial labor camps and
more. There were thousands of POW camps on both sides. Britain itself had hundreds of POW camps as well as
additional civilian internee camps. The POW camps were run by the British War Department whereas the civilian
internee camps were run by its Home Office.
This article will survey a few of the British camps and include details of the money as well as camp information.
The website https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2010/nov/08/prisoner-of-war-camps-uk#data lists every
WWII POW camp in Great Britain. About 400,000 POWs were housed in at least many hundreds of camps. The
camps were numbered and the final number listed is 1026. However, it is not known if all numbers were utilized.
Insufficient research has been done to date. However, it is known from the notes themselves that unused camp
numbers were used for camps run by the British army in France.
In comparison, the United States had around 500
POW camps that housed roughly 1,000 POWs each.
US camps have scrip as well as can be seen here from
Algona, Iowa.
The British and American scrip were issued
under the terms of the Geneva Convention of July 27,
1929. These were signed that day by many nations
including the United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Northern Ireland, the United States of America,
France, Germany, and Italy. Articles 27 to 34 covered
labor by prisoners of war. They are reproduced here with the bolded parts specifically relating to payment of wages;
the POW money was a direct result of these provisions:
SECTION III
WORK OF PRISONERS OF WAR
CHAPTER 1
General
Art. 27. Belligerents may employ as workmen prisoners of war who are physically fit, other than officers and
persons of equivalent statue, according to their rink and their ability.
1-cent Algona, Iowa POW scrip
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Nevertheless, if officers or persons of equivalent status ask for suitable work, this shall be found for them as far as
possible.
Non-commissioned officers who are prisoners of war may be compelled to undertake only supervisory work, unless
they expressly request remunerative occupation.
During the whole period of captivity, belligerents are required to admit prisoners of war who are victims of
accidents at work to the benefit of provisions applicable to workmen of the same category under the legislation of
the detaining Power. As regards prisoners of war to whom these legal provisions could not be applied by reason of
the legislation of that Power, the latter undertakes to recommend to its legislative body all proper measures for the
equitable compensation of the victims.
CHAPTER 2
Organization of work
Art. 28. The detaining Power shall assume entire responsibility for the maintenance, care, treatment and the
payment of the wages of prisoners of war working for private individuals.
Art. 29. No prisoner of war may be employed on work for which he is physically unsuited.
Art. 30. The duration of the daily work of prisoners of war, including the time of the journey to and from work,
shall not be excessive and shall in no case exceed that permitted for civil workers of the locality employed on the
same work. Each prisoner shall be allowed a rest of twenty-four consecutive hours each week, preferably on
Sunday.
CHAPTER 3
Prohibited work
Art. 31. Work done by prisoners of war shall have no direct connection with the operations of the war. In
particular, it is forbidden to employ prisoners in the manufacture or transport of arms or munitions of any kind, or
on the transport of material destined for combatant units.
In the event of violation of the provisions of the preceding paragraph, prisoners are at liberty, after performing or
commencing to perform the order, to have their complaints presented through the intermediary of the prisoners'
representatives whose functions are described in Articles 43 and 44, or, in the absence of a prisoners'
representative, through the intermediary of the representatives of the protecting Power.
Art. 32. It is forbidden to employ prisoners of war on unhealthy or dangerous work. Conditions of work shall not be
rendered more arduous by disciplinary measures.
CHAPTER 4
Labour detachments
Art. 33. Conditions governing labour detachments shall be similar to those of prisoners-of-war camps, particularly
as concerns hygienic conditions, food, care in case of accidents or sickness, correspondence, and the reception of
parcels.
Every labour detachment shall be attached to a prisoners' camp. The commander of this camp shall be responsible
for the observance in the labour detachment of the provisions of the present Convention.
CHAPTER 5
Pay
Art. 34. Prisoners of war shall not receive pay for work in connection with the administration, internal
arrangement and maintenance of camps.
Prisoners employed on other work shall be entitled to a rate of pay, to be fixed by agreements between the
belligerents.
These agreements shall also specify the portion which may be retained by the camp administration, the amount
which shall belong to the prisoner of war and the manner in which this amount shall be placed at his disposal
during the period of his captivity.
Pending the conclusion of the said agreements, remuneration of the work of prisoners shall be fixed according
to the following standards:
(a) Work done for the State shall be paid for according to the rates in force for soldiers of the national forces
doing the same work, or, if no such rates exist, according to a tariff corresponding to the work executed.
(b) When the work is done for other public administrations or for private individuals, the conditions shall be
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settled in agreement with the military authorities.
The pay which remains to the credit of a prisoner shall be remitted to him on the termination of his captivity. In
case of death, it shall be remitted through the diplomatic channel to the heirs of the deceased.
British WD Notes
The British notes are larger and more ornate than the American scrip; the dimensions of the British notes are
about 140 mm x 84 mm whereas the US POW scrip was about 51mm x 24mm with more variations in size than the
British notes. Shown below are the face and back of a British POW note from Nottingham, England. The camp is
identified with number 166 stamped on the face of the note which in the master list of camps provided earlier was
Camp 166 at Wollaton Park, not far from the present University of Nottingham. Each POW note has a large WD on
the face, as well, which stands for the War Department. The notes are serial numbered.
The back of the note has eight validation circles where the note would be stamped every three months. There is
a plethora of stampings.
Face and back of 6-pence note from POW Camp 166. This camp was located in Nottingham, England.
Newspaper announcement of the
formation of the Wollaton Park POW
camp in Nottingham, England.
Here is a photo of the camp in its heyday:
Wollaton Park POW camp circa 1945.
Today Camp 166, Wollaton Park, Nottingham
has one last barracks building.
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In 1946 three prisoners escaped but were captured shortly after,
though they made it 18 miles from Wollaton Park.
Another Nottinghamshire POW camp issued currency. This was the one at RAF Langer, just a few miles from
Nottingham. Note the back of the note with a wonderful array of purple stampings.
The notes, first issued in 1943, have been known since the war. An early description of them was given in 1965 and
1966 (second edition) by Arlie Slabaugh in his classic Prisoner of War Monies and Medals. In that slim volume the
British POW notes are listed as rare. Although detailed listings are absent the essential listings are correct. Beginning
in 1989 Lance Campbell listed the notes in his Prisoner of War and Concentration Camp Money of the 20th Century.
For camps in England the listings are:
Denomination Color (Slabaugh/Campbell) Recently Observed
3 pence Blue Blue
6 pence Green Green
1 shilling Pink Pink
2 shillings Orange Orange
2 shillings 6 pence Purple Purple
5 shillings Brown Brown
10 shillings Yellow Yellow
In addition, earlier in 1941, three white tokens with black lettering were issued in ?, 1, and 6 pence denomination.
In France, similar notes were issued by the British forces for their POW camps but they were denominated in
francs:
Wollaton Park POW camp in
the local newspaper.
Face and back of one-shilling note from POW camp 262 near Langar, Nottinghamshire. This was part of RAF Langar.
Face and back of the
unissued 10-shilling
British POW note. This
and the two-shilling note
are the rarest notes of the
series. Courtesy of Harold
Kroll.
Half-pence British
POW token
1-pence British
POW tokens
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Denomination Color from Slabaugh/Campbell Actual observation
50 centimes or ?-franc Blue Blue
1 franc Green Green
2 ? francs Pink Pink
5 francs Lilac (Sl) or Orange (Ca) Lilac
10 francs Brown Brown
50 francs Yellow Yellow
100 francs unknown Orange
Apparently, the camp numbering used in France were part of the list also used in England and the numbers
were intermixed.
In 1945 the exchange rate between the pound and the franc was 480 francs to the pound. This was a time
when the pound was about $4.00. By 1949 it was 980 francs whereas the pound itself had fallen to $2.80.
With 240 pence to the pound, the lowest franc issue, ? franc was worth ? pence. The largest franc issue of
100 francs was worth 50 pence or a bit more than 4 shillings since 12 pence was a shilling. Thus, the French issues
were roughly half the face value of their British counterparts. As mentioned, over the next few years the French
POW issues further devalued against the British issues.
French denominated notes for a British POW camp located in France.
10 francs note courtesy of Dave Frank.
50 and 100 francs notes for a British POW camp in France (courtesy of Dave Frank).
The 100 francs note is the rarest note of the franc series.
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Face and back of 3 pence note from Camp 18, Featherstone, Northumberland
Another camp issue was for Camp 18 in Featherstone, Northumberland and it is shown below along with some
images of what?s left at the camp today:
British HO Notes
The Isle of Man had ten WWII Civilian Internment/POW Camps. During their run as internment camps first
local paper scrip and some metal tokens were issued. Later on, Home Office (HO) notes and the POW tokens were
issued of a common design for many of the camps. These designs are extremely similar to the British POW notes and
it is believed served as the model for the WD notes. The first one shown below was used at the Palace Camp in
Douglas. This particular note came from an original wallet made in the camp purchased on E-Bay by the author. The
second note was issued in the Onchan Camp. In most cases, the HO notes are rarer than the WD notes.
Isle of Man Paper Money informs us that the Hutchinson, Metropole, Mooragh, Onchan, Palace, and Peveril
camps used HO notes. Unissued notes exist as well. In this book Pam West and Alan Kelly suggest that the WD notes
were used on the Isle of Man after the civilian camps closed and became POW camps
Camp 18 ruins.
From the entryway to
Featherstone Park POW
Camp. Note the plaque on
the left embedded into the
column on the right.
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1-shilling HO note from the Palace Camp-Isle of Man. 3-pence HO note from the Onchan Camp--Isle of Man.
What follows is a full listing of the HO notes (with assistance from Isle of Man Paper Money by Pam West and
Alan Kelly)
Denomination Color Denomination Color
3 pence Brown 2 shillings 6 pence Green
6 pence Red 5 shillings Light Brown
1 shilling Blue
Other POW Notes
There were many other POW issues in WWII. A few notes from French and German camps are shown here for
comparison purposes.
One-franc POW note from France 10-mark POW note from Germany
Conclusions
In terms of POW notes from the Second World War this is a large area of interesting notes. This article but
scratched the surface. There is still much research that needs to take place in this somewhat neglected series.
Acknowledgements
Dave Frank and Harold Kroll are thanked for the use of scans of their notes.
Bibliography
Books
Arlie Slabaugh Prisoner of War Monies and Medals (Second Edition) (Hewitt Brothers: Chicago) 1966
Lance Campbell Prisoner of War and Concentration Camp Money of the 20th Century Second Edition(BNR Press: Port Clinton, OH) 1993
Pam West and Alan Kelly Isle of Man Paper Money (British Notes: Surrey, UK) 2015.
Websites
https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2010/nov/08/prisoner-of-war-camps-uk#data
https://www.tracesofwar.com/sights/26075/Barrack-Prisoner-of-War-Camp-Wollaton-Park.htm
https://www.google.com/search?q=camp+18+POW&tbm=isch&source=univ&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjU857qgNToAhXNK80KHZ0gCM8Q
sAR6BAgKEAE&biw=1489&bih=736
https://www.flickr.com/photos/45904802@N08/5442836277
https://nottstalgia.com/forums/topic/11800-wollaton-park-pow-camp/
Convention relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War. Geneva, 27 July 1929
https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/INTRO/305
For note images:
Pam West?s website: http://www.britishnotes.co.uk/?page=stock_list&categoryid=17
Colin Narbeth and Son Ltd. website: https://colin-narbeth.com/
Spink website: https://www.spink.com/
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50th Anniversary
of the Discovery of the
Ella Overby Hoard
Starbuck, Minnesota
This is the story of the Ella Overby hoard in Starbuck, Minnesota; probably the best documented
currency hoard on record that involved a significant number of large size nationals. The hoard reached
numismatic hands in 1971 and many of the non-Minnesota notes began to be offered by Hickman and
Waters in their 30th fixed price list in April of that year.
Minnesota was the best represented state with some 432 large size notes from 105 different banks in
84 towns (Wheeler, 1980). Another 270 notes came from 30 other states (Huntoon, 1974).
The notes in Mrs. Overby?s stash totaled about $96,000, which included $35,000 that were judged
to have numismatic value (Pope County Tribune, 1971). There was $18,000 in large size notes of which
$7,245 were nationals numbering 702 notes using potentially incomplete data. The remaining $61,000 was
deemed to have no numismatic value, so was distributed to her heirs.
The composition of the hoard was particularly heavy in World War I, World War II, and later notes.
A sparseness of 1930 vintage notes reflected the privations of the depression years.
Ella Overby died October 26, 1970, at 86 while living alone at her home in Starbuck, Minnesota.
Oliver Nygaard, a nephew of her late husband, was appointed special administrator of her estate. He had
handled her business affairs since the death of her husband in 1962. Mr. Nygaard discovered the hoard
while looking through her house, first $248 in old purses on the first day of his search, and the rest on the
second day in an 18-inch square cardboard box (Pope County Tribune, 1970).
The estate was probated by the law firm of Callaghan and Nelson in Glenwood across Lake
Minnewaska from Starbuck. They in turn engaged E. N. Nordgaard, a local person with numismatic
experience, to help evaluate the contents of the hoard.
Mrs. Overby lived a frugal existence in a modest 2-story home on East 6th Street without plumbing
or heating, although it did have electricity. The only heat she had was from a coal-burning kitchen stove,
so she lived and slept in her narrow kitchen in the winter, then moved to the upstairs bedroom during the
warmer months (Pope County Tribune, 1970).
The Paper
Column
Peter Huntoon
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Hickman was told that the only luxury she allowed herself was to hire the paper boy to cut the grass
in her yard. The staple of her diet was the vegetables that she grew in her garden. Her primary crop was
potatoes. It was said that a local grocer kept a package of wieners that he allowed her to purchase one at a
time.
Ella Urness was born in 1884, the youngest of eight children, on her parents? farm that they had
homesteaded in nearby Blue Mounds Township. Both of Ella?s parents emigrated with their families from
the Sogn og Fjordane region of Norway, her father at age 26, about 1864, and her mother at 9 about 1851.
Both families settled in Blue Mounds Township in Wisconsin, which supported a substantial Norwegian
community at the time. After the two married in 1869, they moved to Pope County, Minnesota, which was
on the frontier and settled there in another Norwegian community named Blue Mounds Township after the
one in Wisconsin.
Mrs. Overby?s father died in 1914 and mother in 1929. She continued living on their farm with two
brothers and two sisters until she married in 1934, at age 49. She then moved with her husband Melchior
?Mike? Overby to the house in Starbuck. According to information from the 1940 census, they were paying
$10 per month rent for the house in 1940 (Ancestry).
Mr. Overby was a Norwegian emigrant, three years younger than Ella, who arrived in the United
States in 1904. He found employment as a farm hand in McKenzie County, North Dakota. He was hired in
1930 as a section hand for the Northern Pacific Railroad in Minnesota, a job from which he retired in 1954.
Mr. Overby died in 1962, leaving Ella his small railroad pension.
Mrs. Overby was the last surviving of her siblings so she ultimately inherited her parent?s 160-acre
farm in Blue Mounds Township and 80 acres in New Prairie Township (Pope County Tribune, 1970). None
of her seven siblings married so presumably any wealth they left funneled to her as well. Thus, she had
means beyond her husband?s railroad pension, which his nephew, Mr. Nygaard, helped her manage. She
maintained a bank account in The First National Bank of Starbuck, probably primarily to handle the income
from the farm land.
What little we know about Mrs. Overby and her hoard were second hand recollections passed on
to John Hickman by those who handled her estate. These were recounted to me by John in 1971. As with
all great stories, there were embellishments at each step in the retelling.
Mr. Nordgaard already had sifted through the hoard and rearranged the contents so Hickman and
his partners did not see it or its organization in its original state. John was told that the money was found in
envelopes nicely stratified in the box from oldest on the bottom to youngest on the top. Once in the box,
the envelopes were unruffled.
When Mrs. Overby received money from her mother?s estate in 1929, it was duly placed in an
envelope in the stack. Likewise, when she married in 1934, the money she received as wedding gifts was
in the envelopes they came in (Pope County Tribune, 1970). When her husband died in 1962, she withdrew
his savings from his bank account and that money was found in an envelope in chronological order.
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Thereafter, she would cash his pension check of $120, withdraw $15 for her monthly living expenses and
deposit the pension envelope with the remaining $105 in the box.
The bulk of the hoard was assembled after Mrs. Overby got married in 1934. $78,000 consisted of
small size notes. That fact coupled with the observation that not much was saved during the depression
years implies that most of the small size notes were added after about 1940. Probably much of it represented
inheritances from her siblings.
The $18,000 worth of large size notes were primarily printed in the teens and twenties, the
implication being that her accumulation began in earnest circa 1910. Older notes in the hoard were few and
those printed before 1900 generally were well worn. For example, the only Series of 1875 national bank
notes in the hoard ?two $20s?were printed circa 1896-7, so they would have been in circulation in 1900.
Hickman speculated that some of the notes might even have come from a hoard started by her parents.
The discovery of the hoard received publicity including sensational headlines such as $500,000 in
Old Money Is Left by Widow (St. Cloud Times, Nov 7, 1970) and Heir Finds $500,000 in Old Money
(Minneapolis Star Tribune, Nov 7, 1970).
Dean Oakes told me by phone in August 2020 that Mort Melamed, the preeminent Minnesota
national bank note collector at the time, soon got wind of the hoard and contacted him and Hickman to see
if they would be interested in partnering in order to submit a winning offer for it. This they agreed to do
with a three-way split. Mort would get the Minnesota nationals, Hickman and Waters the non-Minnesota
nationals, and Oakes the large size type notes.
In due course, their offer of $55,000 for the $35,000 that was deemed to have numismatic value
was accepted (Pope County Tribune, 1971). Mort received the notes from the estate so Hickman and Oakes
drove up to Mort?s house in St. Paul where they carved up the hoard.
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The large size type notes were circulated, although many $5 1899 silver certificate Indians were
exceptionally nice. There were a few gold certificates. However, none of the type notes had a face value
greater than $20, and there were no outstanding rarities among the lot.
There were no $1, $2 or $50 notes of any type or series in the hoard. There was one $100, an 1882
date back national. There were a few gold and silver coins, which amounted to about $300 face, most of
which was gold.
The large size nationals comprised the most spectacular part of the hoard and represented 31 states.
As expected, Minnesota notes dominated, and of those some 158 Series of 1902 blue seals were issued by
The First National Bank of Starbuck a few blocks from the Overby?s house. Among the Starbuck notes
were gem uncirculated cut sheets.
The most distant bank represented was an 1882 date back $20 in very good condition from The
First National Bank of Hawaii at Honolulu.
As expected, the notes from nearby states were more plentiful than distant locations. For example,
there were 40 large size North Dakota notes, a group that contained previously unheard-of rarities.
Other rarities included a few notes from Montana. One, which is illustrated here, is an 1882 date
back $10 from Kalispell in spectacular condition.
The two Series of 1875 $20s were from The First National Bank of Homer, New York, and The
First National Bank of Le Mars, Iowa. They graded g-vg and f-vf respectively.
Series of 1882 brown backs and 1902 red seals were represented, but not in quantity. There were
some great rarities among the 37 red seals. Contemplate, for example, the following: $20 Grand Valley
National Bank of Grand Junction, Colorado; $10 First National Bank of Sandpoint, Idaho; $20 First
National Bank of Meridian, Mississippi; $10 First National Bank of Sheyenne, North Dakota; and $5 First
National Bank of Medical Lake, Washington.
John
Hickman
Dean
Oakes
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Reconstructed Breakdown of the Large Size Nationals in the Hoard
Non-Minnesota nationals by series (Huntoon, 1974):
$5 $10 $20 $100
Series of 1875 2
Series of 1882 brown backs 2 12 6
Series of 1882 date backs 6 8 2 1
Series of 1882 value backs 1 1 2
Series of 1902 red seals 4 25 11
Series of 1902 date backs 3 65 18
Series of 1902 plain back 26 52 23
Minnesota nationals by series (Wheeler, 1980):
Series of 1882 brown backs 3 3 1
Series of 1882 date backs 9 1
Series of 1882 value backs 3
Series of 1902 red seals 2 13 2
Series of 1902 date backs 11 28 1
Series of 1902 plain backs 154 149 52
Mort Melamed was one delighted collector. He added 60 Minnesota notes to his collection from
the hoard (Wheeler, 1980).
Unfortunately, a comprehensive listing by note does not appear to have been made for the hoard.
By the time the hoard came in, Hickman was compiling census data on cards or photocopies trimmed to
the size of large size notes and annotating them with pedigrees. It is certain that virtually all of the non-
Minnesota notes were recorded in this fashion.
However, the only way he could have gotten the Minnesota data would have been if Mort had
provided it to him because Mort took those notes at the time of the split. This was unlikely because Mort
just wasn?t the type to take time to compile such information. Instead, Mort let his good friend Jim Wheeler
compile the summary provided here.
A caveat is warranted with respect to the Minnesota data in the table. The totals reported don?t jibe
with the census data that is now available. There are now many more Series of 1902 date backs recorded
from the hoard just from the Starbuck bank than listed on the table from all of Minnesota by Wheeler.
Clearly Wheeler did not see all of the Minnesota notes and probably not all the Starbuck notes.
To reconstruct a list of at least the non-Minnesota?s, one would have to sift through the more than
150,000 individual paper records in Hickman?s census file, which resides at the Higgins Museum in
Okoboji, Iowa, and look for the Overby hoard pedigree.
A lingering question surrounds the purchase. What was in the $17,000 in face of small size notes
that Melamed, Hickman and Oakes received? These were deemed by Mr. Nordgaard to possibly have some
numismatic value so were set aside, whereas the $61,000 in other small size in the hoard was considered to
have no numismatic value and was distributed to the heirs.
Dean Oakes recalls that when Mort received the notes, Mort quickly determined that the small size
had no particular value so he banked them to free up their capital. However, there had to be some small size
nationals in this group, which have gone under the radar in people?s memory, including mine. They were
pulled but they were not plentiful owing to the fact that Mrs. Overby was not adding much to the hoard
during the depths of the depression.
Evidence that there were some was found by Iowa specialist James Ehrhardt, who along with
Steven Sweeney, maintains the Iowa national bank note census. While compiling the census from
Hickman?s data cards at the Higgins Museum, Ehrhardt observed that John used the code EO-HW (Ella
Overby-Hickman & Waters) for notes entered into his data base during the spring of 1971. He was then
able to isolate records for 16 large size and one small size Iowa notes from the hoard. The small size record
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was for a $10 from The First National Bank of Thompson, charter 5054, bearing serial F000319A.
At the time Hickman and Waters took delivery in 1971, I was living in Lincoln, Nebraska, having
recently been hired at the University of Nebraska at Lincoln. Hickman called saying he had just picked up
the notes so I should come over to have a look. He made it clear that they hadn?t worked the notes into their
inventory so none were for sale, and besides, they only would be offered through their price lists.
I was over like a shot. We met in Waters? basement at his home in Van Meter just west of Des
Moines on April 3, a Saturday. When I arrived, they could hardly contain themselves. They proceeded to
show me the notes one at a time, expressing obvious delight at each interesting item. This took almost an
hour of hurried looking through those 270 virgins.
Two things stood out to me, a perception also shared by Hickman and Waters. Large city banks
were very poorly represented. Most of the notes were from small rural banks regardless of state. Also, the
average grade of the notes was noticeably high for hoard notes.
Personally, I was somewhat disappointed to learn that there were no Arizona or New Mexico notes
among the lot, but this would have been highly unlikely in a cache assembled so distant from those states.
When the smoke cleared, they did send me home with a $10 1902 from Petersburg, North Dakota,
for my Peter-town collection and the $10 1882 date back from The Conrad National Bank of Kalispell.
There was a third note that consumed an inordinate amount of negotiating, the low grade $20 Series
of 1882 brown back from Joliet illustrated here. I didn?t spot it until fairly late in the evening as it went by
a second or third time. I nonchalantly pulled it out and asked ?Why don?t you sell me this note?? They
didn?t even bother answering. This note was clearly not the type of thing I bought, and it was low grade to
boot. I had been selling them this type of material for years, so both knew something was up.
Hickman turned to Waters, who also was eyeing the note with suspicion, saying ?He sees something
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we don?t, what do you think John?? Hickman went over the note in meticulous detail, finally reaching into
the drawer for a magnifying glass to get an even closer look. I felt my chances were rising when after some
ten frustrating minutes he handed the note to Waters who was also at a loss for my interest in it.
I knew the 1882 boldly splashed across the back of the note had escaped them, so I reached for the
note and asked for a price. Simultaneously a chorus went up from the two of them. ?You?re not getting it
until we see what you see!? Hickman snatched the note from my hands and continued to study it for maybe
another ten minutes, scanning it, feeling the paper, comparing every detail to other $20 brown backs, and
even smelling it. Finally, an expression of utter delight crossed his face, and with an ear-splitting roar he
exclaimed ?Waters, the charter number and series are the same!? Hickman was practically rubbing the back
in Waters face now.
As you can imagine, the price negotiations took another half hour. They let me off for $55, which
seemed like a lot of money to me for such a note in those days,
Needless to say, their lists at the time were unmatched in scope and depth with this virgin material.
They were judicious in their handling of the flaming rarities, offering them only on a trade basis for similar
quality material. One from this elite group that I eventually negotiated in May was the $20 Grand Junction
red seal. When that deal was consummated, I felt like I had been stretched on the rack.
Acknowledgment, References Cited and Sources of Data
Mark Drengson helped immensely by pulling together newspaper articles and genealogical data. Richard
Radick pulled together other genealogical data and developed valuable insights pertaining to the
incompleteness of the Minnesota summary published by Jim Wheeler that is reproduced here.
Ancestry.com, Ella Urness Overby; Mike Overby.
Drengson, Mark, current, Https://banknotehistory.com/wiki/The_Ella_Overby_Hoard,_Starbuck,_MN
Hickman, John, and John Waters, Apr 1971, 30th fixed price list: 8 p.
Huntoon, Peter., Apr 1974, The Paper Column (Overby Hoard): Bank Note Reporter, v. 2, p. 2.
Pope County Tribune, Nov 12, 1970, $100,000 found in Starbuck home.
Pope County Tribune, Mar 11, 1971, Overby money sold to Iowa currency firm.
St. Cloud Times, Nov 7, 1970, $500,000 in old money is left by widow, p. 2.
Minneapolis Star Tribune, Nov 7, 1970, Heir finds $500,000 in old money, p. 5.
Starbuck Times, Nov 12, 1970, Fortune in old currency found in Starbuck home.
Wheeler, Jim, Jul-Aug 1980, Thank you, Ella Overby for a Minnesota nationals hoard! Paper Money, v. 19, p. 206-208.
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Thomas Macdonough, Naval Hero
by Terry A. Bryan
Plattsburgh, New York has a magnificent stone
tower monument to Commodore Thomas
Macdonough?s victory in the War of 1812. To our
The Plattsburgh, N.Y. Macdonough Battle Monument
overlooks Lake Champlain.
British enemies, this war was a side issue arising out
of the war with Napoleon and France. Hostilities at
the expanding western frontier, the northern border
with Canada and at sea resulted in more American
casualties than British. However minor to the British,
the War of 1812 resulted in a philosophy of American
preparedness and expansion that continued for
decades. The events are thought to be an early hint of
the United States? progression to a world power.
Lake Champlain is a huge watery highway
used in Colonial times as a link between the St.
Lawrence River and the Hudson River along the New
York-Vermont border. Its strategic importance was
noted during the Revolution. Ships built on the Lake
fought battles and the forts on the banks changed
hands as the Americans fought to expel the British
from the area.
With a similar strategy in the War of 1812, the
British sought to cut off New England from the rest of
the United States by invasion from the Canadian end
of the Lake by land and by water. Shipbuilding and
conversion of the freshwater fleet of merchant vessels
created powerful fleets on both sides by September of
1814.
This last attempt by the British to invade the
northern states was foiled on land by Brigadier
General Alexander Macomb (1782-1841) and
defeated at sea by Lt. Thomas Macdonough, Junior
(1783-1825).
Thomas Macdonough was the son of a
physician who farmed in New Castle County,
Delaware. His father was a Revolutionary War officer
who had been recognized for bravery by Washington.
His crossroads birthplace was later named
?Macdonough? in his honor. It is referred to as ?near
Middletown? [Delaware], creating confusion in some
sources with Middletown, Connecticut, an important
location in Macdonough?s later life. Young Thomas
went to sea as a Midshipman at age 16, following in
the example of an older brother, who returned to
Delaware maimed from a sea battle. Around 1799 he
changed the spelling of his name from McDonough.
Thomas evidently showed promise aboard ship.
Within two years, he had participated in naval actions
against France and was assigned to the Mediterranean
cruise of the USS Constellation against Tripoli.
Intensive education in the fighting navy continued on
other ship assignments. His actions in the forefront
Stephen Decatur?s mission in Tripoli harbor resulted
in his promotion to [acting] Lieutenant in 1804.
Further service with Decatur and on other
ships brought Macdonough to Middletown,
Connecticut. He was in charge of building a fleet of
gunboats. These small craft were usually armed with
one naval cannon, sailed with sloop rigging on one
mast, often augmented by oarsmen. They are
sometimes referred to as ?galleys? when used on Lake
Champlain. His contacts with the shipbuilding
industry and familiarity with the necessities of fitting
out small ships was vital to his later experiences on
Lake Champlain.
By 1808, Macdonough had cruised in
command of the USS Wasp. This ship figured
prominently in the War of 1812, commanded by
another Delaware naval hero, Jacob Jones (1768-
1850). Jones was born near Smyrna Delaware, 12
miles south of Macdonough. (see PM Vol. LIX, #5).
Commodore
Thomas
Macdonough in a
mature engraved
portrait.
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Macdonough was one of the most
experienced junior officers in the Navy when he came
back to Connecticut in command of the gunboat fleet.
He met his future wife in Middletown [CT]. A two-
year leave allowed him to captain in merchant service
in 1810 during a downsizing of the Navy.
Return to active duty in 1812 saw Lt.
Macdonough and the Chesapeake Bay fleet bottled up
by the British wartime blockade. He received more
active assignments in coastal New England, finally
being put in charge of the fleet at Lake Champlain.
The hostilities had mostly gone against the United
States during Macdonough?s buildup of his freshwater
lake fleet. One exception was Jacob Jones? naval
battle in 1812, which heartened the American public.
Lake Champlain region military headquarters
were located at Burlington, Vermont and Plattsburgh,
New York. Up a creek off the main water was
Vergennes, Vermont where now Master Commandant
Macdonough centered his shipbuilding activities in
1813-1814 counteracting similar industry by the
British at the Canadian end of the Lake. Merchant
vessels were converted to warships. A large Ship-
Sloop of War [French = Corvette in the rather
confusing naval designations in different countries]
was also built in four months by imported Connecticut
shipwrights. Macdonough had to defend his little
naval yard against British attacks.
British strategy was to invade by land down
the west bank of the Lake. The army troops were to
be supported by the fleet on the Lake and later
supplied by boat in their march down the Hudson
River, cutting through a vital part of the United States.
There was no intention of returning captured territory
to the U.S. A considerable army advanced toward
Plattsburgh in late summer of 1814.
Aware that the British fleet was completing
preparations, Macdonough brought his fleet into
Plattsburgh Bay on the west side of the Lake.
Thorough knowledge of local conditions and
seamanship mandated placing the ships at anchor,
causing the British to fight contrary winds and
sandbars to sail among the Americans. The British
brought more firepower and men, but there were
disadvantages. The British fleet commander was
killed early. The flagship was hastily completed;
crews were largely new arrivals and uncoordinated.
Naval actions were, and are, terrible. The men on
deck working the guns were exposed to appalling
danger and horrible carnage. Macdonough was
knocked down twice, once briefly unconscious by
being struck by a sailor?s body parts. He aimed guns
when his crew was thinned by enemy fire. By adroit
maneuvering at anchor, Macdonough was able to
bring guns to bear on the damaged enemy. The British
were at the mercy of the wind for their aim. The
superior British fleet?s larger ships were captured or
destroyed. The numerous gunboat galleys retreated to
Canada.
Macdonough?s sea victory and General
Macomb?s repulse of attacks on Plattsburgh defenses
are credited with preserving our borders. It was the
last major invasion of the continental United States by
a foreign country during wartime. This last major
battle on the northern front in the War of 1812 put the
British at a disadvantage in the subsequent treaty
negotiations.
Macdonough concluded his illustrious career
as Captain in command of several of the United
States? largest warships. His final command was the
USS Constitution; this ended in 1825 when worsening
lung disease made him step down. Returning home
on a small navy ship, he died of tuberculosis at age 41.
He is buried in Middletown, Connecticut. He was the
most famous naval hero of his ?little? war, perhaps
surprisingly, greatly praised in Great Britain.
Referred to by the honorific ?Commodore?,
Captain Macdonough, his officers, and Macomb were
voted Congressional
Gold Medals for their
heroism. Artist Moritz
Furst made the
Macdonough dies for the
Mint in 1818. Silver and
bronze medals were
struck for several years.
In the 20th century, the
Mint sold copies of the
medals from new dies.
Different Macdonough
commemoratives were
made by Whitehead-
Hoag Company and
Contemporary rendering of the Battle of Lake Champlain.
U.S. Mint medal obverse of
Macdonough: ?Defeated the Royal
British Fleet on Lake Champlain?.
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others for the battle
centennial in 1914. A
sesquicentennial medal
was done in 1964. A
Decautur/Macdonough
U.S. Commemorative
Stamp was issued in
1937.
The Mint
medal shows
Macdonough in
distinguished profile.
The reverse is an artist?s
conception of the Battle of
Plattsburgh. The town is
aflame on the right, the
ships centered in clouds of
gunsmoke and numbers of
oared galleys line up at the
edges of the action. The
battle was pictured in
many media, including
British publications and
chinaware.
Monuments were
raised to Macdonough in
Plattsburgh, NY,
Vergennes, VT and
Middletown, CT. Several
states awarded him gold,
silver and land.
Macdonough?s family
achieved prominence in
Delaware and
Connecticut. Some banks
traded on his famous name
by printing or writing it on
the payee line of their
Obsolete Notes. This is
thought to be merely
riding on the coattails of
prominent men, rather
than any direct connection
to the celebrities. Perry,
Decatur and Porter are
also found on the ?pay
to_____ or bearer on demand? text on notes of 1814
and 1818. Known ?Macdonough? notes are the $3
Bank of Plattsburgh, N.Y. of 1818 (Haxby NY2240-
G22), and $2 and $10 of Manufacturers Exchange
Company of Bristol, Connecticut in 1814 (Haxby
CT65-G4, G10).
In the 1850s Danforth, Wright and Company
engraved a portrait of Thomas Macdonough for bank
note use. The portrait is taken
from an engraving by John
Jarvis originally published in a
naval history volume. Known
uses for Macdonough?s
portrait under the DW and
ABNCo. imprints are for the
Bank of Vergennes, Vermont,
$1 (Haxby VT250-G12) and
the Bank of New England at
Goodspeed?s Landing/East
Haddam, Connecticut, $2
(Haxby CT110-G18 etc.).
Battle Centennial medal
obverse from Macdonough
County, Illinois from 1914.
Plattsburgh, New York Battle
Sesquicentennial medal from
1964.
Vergennes, Vermont built a
classic monument to
Macdonough and his little
shipyard.
U.S. Mint medal reverse:
?Beaten on one side, he
fearlessly turns the other?.
Bank of Plattsburgh, N.Y. $3 of 1814, counterfeit.
Macdonough is payee. [Newman Numismatic Portal]
Manufacturers Exchange Bank of Bristol, CT, $2 of 1818,
counterfeit. Macdonough written in as payee. [Newman
Numismatic Portal]
Bank of Vergennes, VT, $1 of 1862 with the Macdonough
portrait. [Heritage Auctions]. Bank of New England $2.
Bank Note Vignette by
Danforth, Wright &
Company, 1850?s.
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Commodore Thomas Macdonough is
remembered as a tall, serious man of strong religious
beliefs. He was a product of healthy rural family life,
matured in the early United States Navy. His seagoing
education and experience were outstanding and
recognized by his colleagues. He was a good husband
and father and greatly respected by his neighbors in
Connecticut and by his extended family and
acquaintances in Delaware. The major ships that he
served on had their names immortalized on ships of
the modern U.S. Navy, and he had four Navy ships
named for him. Two towns, a county, many streets
and an island have carried the name ?Macdonough?.
Theodore Roosevelt proclaimed him the ?greatest
figure in our naval history? prior to the Civil War.
References:
Burdick, Virginia. Captain Thomas Macdonough. Delaware Heritage Press, 1991.
Haxby, James A. United States Obsolete Bank Notes. Krause, 1988.
Hessler, Gene. The Engravers? Line. BNR Press, 1993.
Julian, Robert W. Medals of the United States Mint: The First Century, TAMS, 1977.
Millard, James P. Macdonough?s Shipyard, Vergennes at www.historiclakes.org
Muller, Charles. The Proudest Day. Curtis, 1960.
Muller Charles. Hero of Two Seas. McKay, 1968.
Neuzil, C. in E-Sylum, June 14, 2015 concerning famous payees on bank notes.
Roberts, Jerry. The British Raid on Essex. Roman & Littlefield, 2020.
Scharf, Thomas J. History of Delaware. Richards, Philadelphia, 1888.
Delaware Public Archives.
Newman Numismatic Portal and Heritage Currency Auctions archives.
www.eBay.com for Macdonough items.
Thanks to Macdonough enthusiast Kenneth Swab for encouragement and advice.
Macdonough?s birthplace ?The Trap? in Macdonough,
Delaware.
Macdonough?s Victory plate by Wood. The
Commodore was much admired in
England.
Bank of New England, East Haddam, CT, $2, 1850?s, a
common remainder with the famous portrait.
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The Second National Bank of Chestertown, Md., Charter #4327
by J. Fred Maples
The bank was chartered in May 1890 with James A. Pearce, president, and W. Bradford Copper, cashier. While
another national bank existed in Chestertown at that time, it was simply called The National Bank of Chestertown,
not First National. So despite there being no First National, founders of this bank felt the name Second National was
appropriate. This bank opened as a tenant in the town?s Masonic Temple, before erecting its own High Street building
early in 1891. This bank initially deposited $12,500 in bonds, and issued 90% of those bonds in $50 and $100 national
currency Brown Backs. Several years later the bank purchased additional bonds and increased its circulation to
$50,000.
This bank prospered and as featured in the Chestertown Transcript in 1891: ?The Second National Bank of
Chestertown has entered upon its second year. The first year has been a most successful and satisfactory one, and
the bank today is in a more flourishing condition than at any time since its organization one year ago, its discounts
amounting to $125,000 and deposits $122,454.? The bank?s success was largely based on its officers and directors.
President Pearce, son of a U.S. senator, was a respected lawyer, state's attorney, appeals court judge, church law
authority, school board commissioner, and college teacher. Copper, son of a farmer and overseer of the poor, was a
state senator, school board commissioner, orphan's court judge, county political leader, and former store clerk.
Figure 1: $50 and $100 1882 Brown Back proof, approved June 7, 1890. The Second National
Bank of Chestertown, Md. operated from 1890 to 1910. This bank issued 914 sheets of $50 and
$100 1882 Brown Backs between 1890 and 1909. Later this bank issued 264 sheets of $50 and
$100 1882 Date Backs.
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Oddly the bank?s directors let its charter expire in 1910, and it was immediately succeeded as The Third National
Bank (#9744) with the same officers. Chestertown finally got its out-of-order ?First National? in 1933 when the
Third National was succeeded by The First National Bank (#13798).
Proof Sheet
While there are no known surviving notes from this bank, Figure 1 shows a wonderful $50 and $100 1882 Brown
Back proof from the Smithsonian National Numismatic Collection. The layouts of $50 and $100 1882 Brown Backs
are stunning in every way. Sheets from this plate included just two notes -- a single $50 and a $100. The $50 includes
a beautiful vignette on its left called ?Washington Crossing the Delaware?, engraved by Alfred Jones after the 1851
painting by Emmanuel Leutze. This Revolutionary War scene shows Washington and his men, late in 1776, while
crossing the dangerous Delaware River through drifting ice to reach the New Jersey shore. The $50?s right side
shows ?Washington at Prayer?, with three goddesses and a banner inscribed VICTORY above them, which was
engraved by Luigi Delnoce, who reportedly used his three daughters as models.
The $100 features an equally stunning vignette named "Commodore Perry's Victory on Lake Champlain", which
depicts Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry leaving his flagship, the Lawrence, during the Battle of Lake Erie in 1813.
On the $100?s right is an angelic depiction of Liberty, seated by a bundle of rods representing the union of states,
along with the message ?MAINTAIN IT!? burst in sunlight. Finally note the handwritten notations in the bottom
selvage, which defines the plate?s certification on June 7, 1890 by William M. Meredith, initialed as ?Wm M M?, as
chief of the Bureau of Engraving and Printing.
Bureau Chief
William Morton Meredith was born in 1835 in Centreville, Indiana, the son of Samuel C. Meredith and his wife
Margaret. Meredith attended a year in college, but left school to work in his father?s printing office. Meredith later
worked at the Indianapolis Journal newspaper. Meredith served in the Union Army during the Civil War under the
command of future president Benjamin Harrison, and as Indiana?s state commissary-general -- a military post. After
the war, Meredith worked as a printer in several cities, becoming foreman at newspapers in Indianapolis and St.
Louis. He later worked at the Western Bank Note Company in Chicago as superintendent of plate printing. Meredith
was appointed Chief of the Bureau in 1889 largely through his past association with Harrison. After leaving the
Bureau in 1893, he returned to the Western Bank Note Company. In 1900 Meredith was reappointed Chief of the
Bureau ? this time by President McKinley ? which made him the only person to hold the top position twice. He left
the Bureau in 1906, assuming another position within the Treasury Department, where he remained until he died of
pneumonia in 1917.
Chestertown History
This bank operated in Chestertown, Md., which is a historic town on the Chester River, in Kent County.
Chestertown took its name from the river, which took its name from the walled cathedral city of Chester, England.
Chestertown was established as a colonial port in 1706 under the British Act for the Advancement of Trade and the
Erection of Ports and Towns. The Act spurred town growth and diversification by exempting skilled craftsmen from
taxes for four years if they moved into the town. By the mid-18th century Chestertown was Maryland's second
leading port, only trailing Annapolis. A growing merchant class brought riches to the town, which was reflected in
the many brick mansions and townhouses that rose along the waterfront. During the Revolutionary War period, the
most traveled highway between the north and south went through Chestertown, with George Washington making
eight known visits between 1756 and 1793. Interestingly from the 1790 census, Chestertown was the geographical
center of population of the United States. Chestertown is second to Annapolis in its number of 18th century homes,
and known for the Chestertown Tea Party Festival, which celebrates its colonial heritage with a re-enactment of the
legendary protest of May 1774.
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Young Selma Entrepreneur Madison Jackson
Williams and His Alabama Paper Money
by Charles Derby
Madison Jackson Williams was a renowned citizen of Selma during his brief life
of 35 years. He was an editor and owner of a newspaper as well as a job printer in
Selma, Alabama, during the 1850s-60s who, like other in his professions, also printed
paper money during the Civil War. Williams established business ties with many
highly interesting and influential associates and became wealthy and influential
himself. This article chronicles his short life, his associates, and most importantly, the
scrip that he produced.
His Life
Madison Jackson Williams was born on July 8, 1837, in Greenville (Butler
County), Alabama, of modest means. His father, James Williams, was a farmer who
died in the year of his birth, leaving Martha, his mother, to care for Jackson, as he
was called then, and his six siblings. Madison moved to Selma in 1854 at the age of
17 and became a printer and newspaperman. He worked at the Selma Reporter, owned
by Nathaniel W. Shelley. At the age of 21 (1858), he so impressed Shelley that he was
invited to become co-owner and editor of the newspaper. An early
publication by Williams with Shelley was a medical
pamphlet in 1860.
Shelley died suddenly in 1860, and Williams
became sole owner of the Selma Reporter. He soon
partnered with John Cussons (Fig 2). Cussons was
one year younger than Williams and quite an
adventurer, moving from his native England to the
USA in 1855 and spending four years in the West
including living with the Sioux Indians on the Great
Plains. He moved to Selma in 1859 and became co-
owner and editor of The Selma Reporter and the
job printing company with Williams. But
this association was brief because Cussons enlisted
in the Civil War early in 1861 while Williams
stayed in Selma. Cussons went on to lead a full
life. During the War, he was scout and sharpshooter for the Army of
Northern Virginia, captured at Gettysburg but released to fight with Nathan
Bedford Forrest in the West. After the War, Cussons returned to publishing,
but he did much more than that: he owned and operated a large hunting lodge
in Virginia and was an officer of the United Confederate Veterans until his
death in 1912 at age 74.
After Cussons left Selma, Williams became sole proprietor of the Selma
Reporter, which he continued to publish until it closed at the end of the Civil
War. Figure 3 shows the front page of the July 1, 1862, issue of the Selma
Reporter.
From his modest roots, Williams rose to become a prominent and
influential citizen of Selma during the late 1850s and 1860s. He translated his
occupation as newspaper and job printer into a political life. He was elected
and served as City Printer in 1862 to 1864 and on City Council in 1863 to
1867. On May 3rd of 1865, he was elected Mayor for a one-year term.
Fig. 1. Madison Jackson
Williams, ca. 1865. Courtesy
of Selma City Government.
Fig. 2. John Cussons
Fig. 3. Selma Reporter from July 1, 1862 (above),
with an expanded view of the upper right corner,
showing publisher (below). From US Newspaper
Directory Search. Library of Congress/
Chronicling America/Search/ Newspaper
Directory
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His personal life knew joy and tragedy. He married Sophia Philena
Sturdevant (Fig 4), but she died in 1864, leaving Williams with two young
children. Madison married Clara Elizabeth Haralson the next year.
Clara came from a prominent and wealthy family in Selma: the
Haralsons were farmers with a wealth in 1860 ($137,350) that is equivalent
to ca. $4 million in 2015. The marriage brought Williams financial
advantages and personal happiness including three children.
His public standing in Selma is exemplified by his purchase in 1863 of
Grace Hall (Fig 5). This mansion was built in 1857 at the then exorbitant
cost of $29,000. The mansion has a notable history in the Civil War. Brig.
Gen. James H. Wilson (Fig 5) and his Union Army Cavalry Corps had
orders to destroy Southern manufacturing facilities including those in
Selma. Wilson was opposed by a much smaller force under Confederate Lt.
Gen. Nathan Bedford Forrest. From the front porch of Grace Hall,
Williams encouraged Confederate troops to resist the occupation. Two
days later, on April 2, 1865, Gen. Wilson captured Selma, in ?Wilson?s
Raid.? Williams and most other men in Selma were briefly imprisoned in a wet stockade, after which they were
paroled. General Wilson took over Williams? house as his headquarters and Williams never returned.
His Money
Williams was involved in the production of at least four sets of currency, listed in Table 1. These notes differ
in many respects ? different print dates, printer imprints, and so on ? but they all have in common Williams playing
a central role in their production.
Rail Road scrip, 1862
One set consists of 11 notes printed in January and June of 1862 and issued by two rail road companies based
in Selma: the Alabama & Tennessee River Rail Road and the Alabama & Mississippi River Rail Road. They have
the imprint of ?Selma Reporter Print.? or ?Reporter Print, Selma, Ala.,? referring to the Selma Reporter newspaper
of which Williams was sole owner at that time. Some examples of these notes are shown in Figure 6. Williams had
ties to the Alabama & Tennessee River Rail Road Co. since the 1850s through his job printing company with
William Shelley and with the printing facility at the Selma Reporter. For example, in 1859 to 1860, Shelley &
Williams Book and Job Office printed the annual report of the president and directors of the Alabama &
Tennessee River Rail Road Co. to the stockholders of the operations of the company (Annual Report of the
American Historical Association, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1898). Earlier annual reports (1850, 1852, and
1857) were printed by the Selma Reporter job office. Thus, it is not surprising that Williams and his newspaper
printed this scrip for these rail road companies.
Fig. 4. Sophia and Arthur, Williams? first wife
and son, ca. 1863. Courtesy of Anne Knight.
Fig. 5. Grace Hall, ca. 2000 (left) and Gen. James Wilson, ca.1865 (right).
Courtesy of http://ahc.toursphere.com and Library of Congress.
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Table?1.?Notes?Associated?with?M.?J.?Williams
Name (Gunther & Derby ID) / Town Date? Vignettes? Imprint?
Set 1 - Railroad Scrip
Ala. & Tenn River RR (AO-412) / Selma
5 cents (AO-412-$.05a) January, 1862. Justice (L), Train heading right (C) REPORTER PRINT, SELMA, ALA.
10 cents (AO-412-$.10a) January, 1862. Justice (L), Train heading right (C) REPORTER PRINT, SELMA, ALA.
10 cents (AO-412-$.10a) January, 1862. Justice (L), Train heading left (C) REPORTER PRINT, SELMA, ALA.
25 cents (AO-412-$.25a) January, 1862. Justice (L), Train heading right (C) Reporter print, Selma, Ala.
25 cents (AO-412-$.25b) January, 1862. Justice (L), Train heading left (C) Reporter print, Selma, Ala.
50 cents (AO-412-$.50a) January , 1862 Train (L), Train heading right (C) Reporter print, Selma, Ala.
$1 (AO-412-$1a) June, 1862. Justice (L), Train headed right (C) [SELMA REPORTER PRINT.]
$2 (AO-412-$2a) June, 1862. Justice (L), Train headed right (C) [SELMA REPORTER PRINT.]
$3 (AO-412-$3a) June, 1862. Justice (L), Train headed right (C) [SELMA REPORTER PRINT.]
Ala. & Miss. River RR (AO-411) / Selma
25 cents (AO-411-$.25a) January, 1862. Justice (L), Train heading right (C) Reporter print, Selma, Ala.
$2 (AO-411-$2a) June, 1862. Justice (L), Train heading right (C) [SELMA REPORTER PRINT.]
Set 2 - Alamaba Merchant Scrip
J. M. Denson (AO-342) / Montevallo
5 cents (AO-342-$.05a) Feb. 1862. Blue plant Selma Reporter Print.
Morgan & Worthington (AO-343) / Montevallo
10 cents (AO-343-$.10a) Jan. 1862. Blue ship Selma Reporter Print.
25 cents (AO-343-$.25a) Jan. 1862. Blue eagle Selma Reporter Print.
Unknown Issuer (AO-344) / Montevallo (cut plate)
5 cents (AO-344-$.05a) Feb 1862. Red ship Selma Reporter Print.
10 cents (AO-344-$.10a) Feb 1862. Red flowers Selma Reporter Print.
25 cents (AO-344-$.25a) Feb. 1862. Red eagle Selma Reporter Print.
50 cents (AO-344-$.50a) Feb. 1862 Red dog with safe and key Selma Reporter Print.
75 cents (AO-344-$.75a) Feb. 1862 Red flowers Selma Reporter Print.
M. Pettibone (AO-148) / Claiborne
25 cents (AO-148-$.25a) Feb. 1862. Blue ship Selma Reporter Print.
T. Lawrence (AO-404) / Randolph
5 cents (AO-404-$.05a) April 1862. Red pineapple Selma Reporter Print.
25 cents (AO-404-$.25a) April 1862. Red eagle Selma Reporter Print.
50 cents (AO-404-$.50a) April 1862. Red dog with safe and key Selma Reporter Print.
N.P. Reeves (AO-163) / Columbiana
50 cents (AO-163-$.50a) Sept. 26th, 1862. Blue train Selma Reporter Print.
$1 (AO-163-$1a) Sept. 26th, 1862. Train heading right (no imprint)
McClanahan & Elliott (AO-162) / Columbiana
$1 (AO-162-$1a) [same as Reeves $1] Sept. 26th, 1862. Train heading right (no imprint)
Set 3 - Charles Lewis Scrip / Selma
10 cents (AO-423-$.10a) July 12, 1862. Ship (L), without "10" in red (no imprint)
10 cents (AO-423-$.10b) July 12, 1862. Ship (L), with "10" in red (no imprint)
25 cents (AO-423-$.25a) July 12, 1862. Ship (L), without "25" in red (no imprint)
25 cents (AO-423-$.25b) July 12, 1862. Ship (L), with "25" in red (no imprint)
50 cents (AO-423-$.50a) July 12, 1862. Ship (L), without "50" in red (no imprint)
50 cents (AO-423-$.50b) July 12, 1862. Ship (L), with "50" in red (no imprint)
$1 (AO-423-$1a) July 12, 1862 Indian (L), Ship (C) M. J. Williams, Selma.
$1 (AO-423-$1b) Nov. 1, 1862 Indian (L), Ship (C) M. J. Williams, Selma.
$2 (AO-423-$2a) July 12, 1862. Indian (L), Sheaf (C) M. J. Williams, Selma.
$5 (AO-423-$5a) July 12, 1862. Justice (L), Cotton plant (C) M. J. Williams, Selma.
Set 4 - City of Selma Scrip
5 cents (AO-416-$.05a) Oct. 1 st , 1865 Train ABNCo (signed by M.J. Williams)
10 cents (AO-416-$.10a) Oct. 1 st , 1865 Steamboat ABNCo (signed by M.J. Williams)
25 cents (AO-416-$.25a) Oct. 1 st , 1865 Farm implements ABNCo (signed by M.J. Williams)
50 cents (AO-416-$.50a) Oct. 1 st , 1865 Commerce & Industry, State seal ABNCo (signed by M.J. Williams)
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Alabama merchant scrip, 1862
The second set consists of 14 fractional notes printed in January, February, April, and September of 1862 and
issued by merchants in four towns in Alabama, all within 80 miles of Selma: Claiborne, Columbiana, Montevallo,
and Randolph. These notes have the imprint of Williams? newspaper at the time, ?Selma Reporter Print.?
Examples of these notes are shown in Figure 7. Another note is likely part of this series, though it lacks the ?Selma
Reporter Print.? imprint. This note, shown in Figure 8, is similar to the Reeves & Wallace 50 cent note shown in
Figure 7, in being signed by Reeves (though not Wallace), is from Columbiana, is dated September 26th, 1862, and
has the same text (?will pay the bearer in current funds, when the amount of is presented?). It is also
similar to Williams? Alabama & Tennessee River Rail Road notes, shown in Figure 6, in bearing the same black
?train heading right.?
Fig. 6. Alabama rail road scrip; clockwise from top left: $2, 50 cents, and 25 cents notes from Alabama & Tennessee River
Rail Road, and $2 note from Alabama & Mississippi River Rail Road. From Heritage Auctions.
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Fig. 7. Alabama merchant scrip, 1862. From Heritage Auctions.
Fig. 8. Note likely printed by Williams but without the ?Selma
Reporter Print.? From Heritage Auctions.
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Charles Lewis & Co., Bankers, scrip, 1862
A third set, shown in Figure 9, is a series issued by Selmian banker, Charles Lewis. The $5, $2, and $1
notes differ from the previously described sets by having the imprint ?M. J. Williams? rather than his newspaper
name. Most of these are dated July 12, 1862, but some $1 notes are dated Nov. 1, 1862. Apparently, the $1 notes
were popular and a second printing was made. The fractional notes lack a printer?s imprint, but given the same
print date and other similarities as the other notes, Williams likely printed these. Examples of the fractional
notes have a red protector, as shown in Figure 9. The issuer of these notes, Charles Lewis, was born in 1806 in
Culpepper County, VA, and became a wealthy banker and influential citizen of Selma. Williams and Lewis
must have known each other well in business, politics, and personally. Lewis served on Selma City Council
when Williams was City Printer and just before Williams joined the Council. He was Cashier for the Bank of
Selma from its establishment in 1857 to July 1859. Just before the war, according to the 1860 census, Lewis
owned $42,000 in real estate and $77,500 in personal estate. In that census, his occupation was listed as retired
banker, but this changed by 1862, when he had his own company, Charles Lewis & Co., Banker, which yielded
these notes.
City of Selma scrip, 1865
The fourth set, shown in Figure 10, is a four denomination series of post-war fractional scrip from the City of
Selma. These were 5, 10, 25, and 50 cent denominations, printed by the American Bank Note Company on Oct.
1st 1865. These bear the imprinted signature of ?M. J. Williams? as post-war mayor and a blank line for adding
the serial number. Hardy?s 1879 book on the history of Selma tells the origin of these notes, mostly through reports
of the City Council. In May 1865, as Williams became mayor of Selma, the city was in dire financial condition.
The city?s coffers consisted of $9,253.20 in Confederate $5 bills and $10,000 in Confederate bonds. But this was
worthless, as the war was over, the city was under federal occupation, and the city officers were instructed not to
receive anything but U.S. money in payment of city dues. City officials devised a plan to secure fractional currency
for city business, and U.S. officials approved the plan. They ordered a total of $20,000 in notes of 5, 10, 25, and
50 cent denomination to be printed by the American Bank Note Co. in New York. If an equal number of each
Fig. 9. Charles Lewis & Co., Banker, scrip 1862. From Heritage Auctions.
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denomination were printed, this would be 22,222 sheets or 88,888 individual notes. They paid John M. Parkman,
former Cashier of the Bank of Selma and President of the First National Bank of Selma, $1050 to travel to New
York, secure the necessary plates, and have the notes printed. When Parkman returned with the notes, he had them
deposited in equal amounts with three financial institutions ? the Planters and Merchants Insurance Company,
Keith & Co. (M.J.A. Keith, Banker), and the First National Bank of Selma ? and subject to be drawn upon by the
city. Records indicate that by November 1865, all of the shinplasters were in circulation. We have seen only one
note (in Rosene 1984) with a serial number. It is reasonable to conclude that after receipt of the notes, city officials
concluded that the task of numbering and tracking this many notes was so expensive and overwhelming that serial
numbers were not assigned. It is also worth noting that a number of cities were allowed to issue scrip after the War,
and while most notes had printed ?By Authority? or ?By Military Authority,? these from the City of Selma did not.
Checks from the Bank of Selma
Williams, through his Reporter job print company, printed other numismatic material, including checks for the
Bank of Selma. Figure 11 shows an example.
Fig. 11. Check printed by MJW and his ?Reporter Print.? The check is dated May 2nd, 1862, in the amount of $300, to Mr.
J. E. Partridge, from the Shelby Co. Iron Manufacturing Company (aka Shelby Iron Works), A. T. Jones, President.
Fig. 10. City of Selma, scrip, Oct. 1865, with M. J. Williams? printed signature as mayor of Selma.
Courtesy of Heritage Auctions.
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Williams? Brief Life after the War
After the war, Williams was instrumental in moving the county seat from Cahaba to Selma. In 1865, he
founded a new newspaper, the Selma Times, which was associated with the Democratic Party. Williams began as
publisher and editor, with Richard H. English as associate editor. Soon thereafter and until 1868, Robert McKee
and Col. Frank E. Burke became editors and in 1868, McKee was sole editor. By this time, Williams had acquired
a national reputation, and he was offered a position at the New York Times. But he declined moving to New York,
and instead, in 1870 he sold his Selma Times, and in February 1871, purchased the Montgomery Mail. In May
1871, the Mail was bought and consolidated within the Montgomery Advertiser, with Williams as co-
owner/publisher with W.W. Screws.William?s career was in its ascendancy, but his health was deteriorating. His
descendants attributed this to a persistent illness he first contracted when he was imprisoned in the wet stockade
during the Battle of Selma. He took out a $10,000 life insurance policy in May 1871 from the Northwestern Mutual
Life Insurance Co., with his wife Clara as the beneficiary. His health continued to decline. On August 29, 1872,
he died at the health resort of Shelby Springs, at the age of 35. He was buried in Selma?s famous Old Live Oak
Cemetery, under a tombstone bearing the epitaph, ?War Editor, Founder of Selma Morning Times.?
Acknowledgments.
Anne Knight, historian for the Selma-Dallas County Public Library and great-granddaughter-in-law of M.J.
Williams, was an invaluable source of information and inspiration. She provided documents and conversation that
helped shape the research and presentation of ideas in this article. Bill Gunther also provided extremely helpful
feedback during the research and writing of this article.
Literature
Appleton & Co. 1873. The American Annual Cyclopedia and Register of Important Events. Memorial Record of
Alabama: Herbert, H.A. Alabama in Federal politics. Cochran, J. The medical profession. Clark, T.H. Judicial
history. Screws, W.W. Alabama journalism. Clark, T.
H. Religious history.
American Historical Association. 1898. U.S. Government Printing Office:
http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~alshelby/ShelbySprings.html
Clarke, Daniel. 2012. John Cussons. The Confederacy?s Lincolnshire Scout. Daniel Clarke.
Gunther, William, and Derby, Charles. 2020. A Comprehensive Guide to Alabama Obsolete Notes 1818-1885.
Gunther & Derby, 286 pp. ISBN 978-1-64945-680-9.
Hardy, John. 1879. Selma; Her Institutions, Her Men. Times Book and Job Office: Selma, AL.
Hoober, Richard T. 1983. Railroad notes and scrip of the United States, the Confederate States and Canada. Paper
Money XXII, No. 5, Whole No. 107, pp. 195-203.
https://archive.org/stream/selmaherinstitut00hard/selmaherinstitut00hard_djvu.txt.
https://archive.org/details/selmaherinstitut00hard
http://blog.al.com/strange-alabama/2012/06/the_old_shelby_hotel_was_first.html
Jones, James Pickett. 1976. Yankee Blitzkrieg: Wilson?s Raid Through Alabama and Georgia.
Lexington: University of Kentucky Press.
Owen, Thomas McAdory, History of Alabama and Dictionary of Alabama Biography.
Spartanburg: The Reprint Company Publishers, 1978 (1921), IV, 1515-1517.
Rosene, Walter, Jr. 1984. Alabama Obsolete Notes and Scrip. SPMC.
Rowell, George. 1870. The Men Who Advertise: An Account of Successful Advertisers. Nelson Chesman, NY.
Thalimer, Carol and Dan. 1999. Recommended Bed & Breakfasts the South. Globe Pequot.
The Shelby Guide, Columbiana, Alabama, Thursday, September 5, 1872.
The Shelby Sentinel, Columbiana, Alabama. Thursday, August 17, 1882
U.S. Censuses of 1840, 1850, and 1860.
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?New Site? was a Damn Sight better than the Old
Site: The Story of New Site, Alabama
by:?Bill Gunther
It continues to surprise me that so much interesting history can be learned from a tiny surviving piece of Alabama
scrip from the 1800s. Although scarce, the notes from the town of New Site, Alabama hardly attract much attention
from collectors since they do not contain elaborate vignettes or other visual elements. They are the essence of
simplicity in banknote design. But when closely examined, they reveal the story of Alabama?s relatively unknown
gold rush days twenty years before the discovery of gold in California! This is the story of how the town of New Site
came to be and who issued the notes.
The Notes
Let?s begin by examining the rather unremarkable four notes known to exist from the town of New Site,
Alabama. The first three notes shown below are signed by Cooke and Allen. The 5-cent note is dated June 1, 1862
while the 10 and 50-cent notes are dated March 1, 1862. It would appear that these individuals needed the 10 and
50-cent notes before they needed the 5-cent note. The only real difference appearing on the June notes is the listing
of the numerical values. There are no vignettes or printer imprints on any of the notes suggesting that these notes
were likely produced locally and inexpensively. (All the images are courtesy of Heritage Auctions)
Gunther-Derby 376-$.05a. New Site, Alabama.
Cook and Allen, 5 cents, June 1, 1862.
Gunther-Derby 376-$.10a. New Site, Alabama. Cook and Allen,
10 cents, March 1, 1862.
Gunther-Derby 376-$.50a. New Site, Alabama. Cook and Allen,
50 cents, March 1, 1862.
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The fourth note from New Site, a 50-cent note shown below, is somewhat similar in design to the 5-cent note,
but notice that it is signed only by a ?J.C. Allen?. Rosene assigned a different catalog number to this 50-cent note as
if it was a different merchant.1 However, as we shall see, it appears that all the notes are from same merchant, ?Cook
and Allen?, but with ?Cook? absent from the June 1862 50-cent note signature line.
Cook and Allen, Grocery Merchants
James D. Cook, the oldest of the two gentlemen, was born in 1821 in Laurens County, South Carolina. He
attended school in South Carolina but by 1850 had relocated to Chambers County, Alabama.2 Cook was living in a
boarding house operated by William W. Carlisle, a farmer, and his wife. There were five boarders in the Carlisle
household, including Cook who listed his occupation as ?grocer?. Others in the household included a tailor, a
shoemaker, a cabinet maker and a carpenter.
Cook married Mary Elizabeth Leverett in Chambers County on April 26, 1853. ?Lizzy? as she was known, was
13 years younger than James and they only had one child, a son named George G., born in 1855.3 In 1860, Cook
was living in Milltown, Chambers County, and listed his occupation as a ?farmer?. Milltown was a short distance
(15 miles) from New Site in Tallapoosa County. It was not uncommon for individuals to move in and out of farming
as an occupation while at the same time holding a different occupation, like ?grocer?.
On May 15, 1862, Cook enlisted in the 37th Alabama Infantry as a Private.4 At that time, the Confederate
conscription rule only extended to men up to the age of 35, although by September of 1862 it was raised to age 45.5
Cook was not required to enlist, but did so voluntarily. His service was cut short when he died on July 3rd, 1862 in
Milltown.6 It is not clear if his death was in anyway service related. But here we find the answer to our question:
there were not two different companies (grocers), Cook and Allan, and Allen, as Rosene had assumed, but one
company that dropped one signature (Cook) when one of the partners died.
Joshua C. Allen was born in 1831 in Georgia but his family appears to have relocated to Tallapoosa County,
Alabama, by 1849 when he was 18.7 No 1860 Census record for Joshua C. Allen could be located, but he married
Mary E. Cook on December 25th, 1862 in Chambers County.8 Since Cook was his business partner, it is possible
that Mary E. Cook was related to James D. Cook, although no relationship could be found.
Joshua C. Allen, at age 32, enlisted in the Home Guard (nearby Russell County) on August 13, 1864 as a Private.9
By enlisting in the Home Guard, Allen would be able to devote some time to his farming activities and provide for
his family. Following the end of the Civil War, Allen maintained his occupation as a farmer in 1870 and 1880. An
interesting side note is that George Cook, the son of James D. Cook, was living with the Allen family. It is not clear
if Elizabeth Cook was alive at that time. No information on Allen for 1900 was found, and by February 28, 1909 he
had died, an ?old soldier? living in the Soldiers Home in Chilton County Alabama.10 In the death record, he was
listed as widowed.
To summarize, Cook and Allen was a grocery merchant located in New Site, Alabama and when Cook died in
1862, it appears that Allen carried on the business at least for a short time.
In the Beginning
Strange as it may seem, gold was discovered in Alabama almost twenty years before it was discovered in
California. An article in the Mobile Commercial Register reported on May 9, 1831 that gold was discovered in
Chilton County, about 50 miles due south of what is now Birmingham (Birmingham was not founded until forty
years later on January 26, 1871).11
Gunther-Derby 376-$.50b. New Site, Alabama.
J. C. Allen, 50 cents, June 1, 1862.
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?In 1842, more gold was discovered in Tallapoosa County, about 50 miles to the east of Chilton County.12 The
result of these discoveries was the arrival of thousands of ?get-rich quick? miners pouring into the area and the
creation of several mining towns including, of course, one named ?Goldville? in Tallapoosa County. Goldville
received its official charter from the Alabama legislature in 1843.
By 1845, the population of Goldville was estimated to be 3,000 which would have made it one of the largest
towns in Alabama.14 The miners most likely lived in tents and shacks near their steam-side ?claims.? When they
came into town, they were looking for supplies and relaxation which was provided by as many as fourteen merchants,
seven saloons, brothels and two hotels, but no church.
Miners and other residents of Goldville were apparently quick to write home with stories of their adventures
with the result that the temporary post office reportedly handled more mail in a day than New York City!15 At its
peak, the population of Goldville reportedly grew to almost 5,000.
In early 1849, a growing number of the more ?moderate? residents of Goldville became disenchanted with
conditions in the town. They sought to find a quieter, more moral, place to live and began to search for a ?new site?
for their town. Not more than 3 miles to the south of Goldville they came across a ?quiet, wooded and peaceful
area? which they immediately declared would be the ?New Site? of their town. That name stuck and to this day the
town is known as New Site (officially the name is New Site Town).16
What Goes Around, Comes Around
In a bit of irony, it was gold that created Goldville and gold which quickly led to its demise. Gold was
discovered in California in early 1848 but it was not until late that year that news reached the east coast and even
later before the news reached such remote places as Goldville, Alabama.17 But when the news finally arrived, the
exodus to California began and quickly decimated the town. One observer noted that miners left so quickly that they
did not put out their campfires.18 The town that many had grown to hate was emptied and ?went dormant? as the
combination of exiting miners to California and other residents moving to ?New Site? sealed the fate of Goldville.
New Site grew modestly over the years and in 2010 recorded a total population of 773. Goldville, by comparison,
never recovered and recorded a total population of only 55 in 2010.19
Footnotes
1Walter Rosene, Alabama Obsolete Notes and Scrip (Society of Paper Money Collectors, 1984), p. 103.
2James D. Cook, Census of 1850, Ancestry.com.
3Marriage Records, Ancestry.com
4James D. Cook, U.S. Civil War Soldiers, 1860-1865, Ancestry.com.
5?Confederate Conscription Acts of 1862-1864,? Wikipedia.org.
6James D. Cook, Find-a-grave, Ancestry.com.
7Joshua C. Allen, Public Family Trees, Ancestry.com.
8Alabama, U.S. County Marriage Records, Ancestry.com.
9Joshua C. Allen, U.S. Civil War Soldiers, 1860-1865, Ancestry.com.
10J. C. Allen, Alabama Deaths and Burials, 1881-1952, Ancestry.com.
11?Town of Goldville Lures Would-Be-Gold Prospectors?, www.tuscaloosa news.com,
July 18, 2005. www.tuscaloosanews.com/article/20050718/NEWS/507180324?p=2&tc=pg
12Joe Waters, ?Gold Mining History of Tallapoosa County, Alabama?,
www.jovikri.tripod.com/public-index.html
13?Goldville, Alabama,? Wikipedia.com.
14Joe Waters, ?Gold Mining History.?
15?Goldville, Alabama,? Wikipedia.com.
16See www.townofnewsite.com.
17 ?California Gold Rush,? Wikipedia.
18Joe Waters, ?Gold Mining History.?
19See www.censusviewer.com/city/Al/newsite and www.censusviewer.com/city/Al/goldville.?
?
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The First National Bank of Forest City ? Charter #5518
by Michael Saharian
?There were monster hemlock trees, some of
them of beautiful symmetry lifting their magnificent
proportions to an altitude of nearly 100 feet.? This was
the description by William Pentecost, when he first
settled in the Forest City area in 1864. Forest City is
located in Susquehanna County in the mountains of
northeastern Pennsylvania.
The First National Bank of Forest City was
organized June 4, 1900 and chartered July 26, 1900.
The first president of the bank, charter #5518, was V.
L. Petersen. He was born in Copenhagen, Denmark on
February 8, 1862 and immigrated to Scranton, PA at
the age of 20. Shortly after arriving, he received a job
as clerk with the Hillside Coal and Iron Company. Late
in the nineteenth century, he was named general
manager of that company. Mr. Petersen served as
president of The First National Bank of Forest City
until 1901. He died suddenly of a heart attack on
March 24, 1934 in Factoryville, PA at 72 years of age.
The first cashier of this bank was T. A. Surdam
(left). An article appeared in the
Carbondale Daily News,
Carbondale, PA, on July 11, 1900.
The paper stated ?Truman A.
Surdam, of Scranton, has been
elected cashier of the First
National Bank of Forest City. Mr.
Surdam has had several years?
experience in the Third National
Bank at Scranton and comes highly recommended.
The bank will commence business about the first of
August.? The note pictured below was signed by T.A.?
Surdam? and? V.? L.? Petersen.? What? makes? this? note?
interesting? is? that? Surdam?was? able? to? secure? it? for?
his?aunt.
On October 6, 1900 he penned a letter on bank
letterhead (below), addressed to ?My dear Aunt
Jane? and enclosed the $10 national bank note. In the
letter, Mr. Surdam states ?I had to resort to diplomacy
to get the first bill though, because the president and
most of the directors had an idea that they ought to
have it.? He goes on to explain to his aunt where on
the bill the serial #1 is located, writing ?I have it
myself, as you will see by the figure one which you will
find immediately under Ben Franklin?s son??
Seemingly unsure if that is Franklin?s son, l had the
luxury of being able to Google the June 15, 1752 kite
experiment, and yes, that is his son, William.
Interestingly enough, William was born February 22,
1730, so he was 22 and not a child, as depicted on the
$10 note. A steadfast loyalist throughout the American
Revolutionary War, William was the last colonial
governor of New Jersey.
Mr. Surdam continues ?This is the first bill
issued by the bank and if you ever have to part with it,
kindly send it to me and I will try to reimburse you for
it?. It?s hard to believe that you would have to ?try to
reimburse? someone for $10. However, to put that into
Paper Money * March/April 2021 * Whole No. 332
138
perspective, $10 in 1900 is equivalent in purchasing
power to about $307 in 2020. Makes one wonder what
a financial burden it must have been to collect higher
denominations of currency in these earlier times. It is
the first national note issued by the bank, as it?s not
only serial #1, but the plate position is A. In Mr.
Surdam?s letter he explains to his aunt that the first
sheet contains four notes, consisting of three $10 bills
and one $20 bill. All the notes have the same serial
number, but each $10 bill is differentiated by a single
letter. He goes on to tell her where on the note the letter
appears.
Truman Arnold Surdam was born in
Middletown, New York on December 24, 1878. He
started his career as a bank messenger and was the first
cashier for The First National Bank of Forest City
from 1900-1904. Before going into business for
himself he had been associated with J. H. Brooks and
the J. E. Weissenfluh Company, both investment
firms. Per Mr. Surdam?s obituary, which appeared in
The Scranton Times on May 18, 1951, ?Surdam and
Company was formed in May 1929, from the old
Weissenfluh and Company, following the retirement of
Mr. Weissenfluh?. He married May Francis Albro
(1879-1965) on October 15, 1903. Mr. Surdam died on
May 18, 1951 at the age of 72 in Scranton, PA
(Dunmore cemetery).
The First National Bank of Forest City issued
1,800 sheets of 1882 Brown backs, 8,300 sheets of
1882 Date and Value backs, and 6,807 sheets of 1902
Plain backs. All of the sheets consisted of (3) $10 notes
and (1) $20. No other denominations were issued.
67,628 large national notes were issued, totaling
$845,350. 13,905 small size national notes were
issued, totaling $166,295. Track and Price lists 18
large Forest City nationals known for charter #5518
and 41 small national notes. Although this bank issued
a small number of $5, $10 and $20 type 2 nationals, all
41 known are type 1. In general, finding uncirculated
notes from this charter can prove rather challenging.
Specifically, T + P documents (2) 1882 $10 Brown
backs known. The note pictured in this article, along
with serial number 876. Both notes are signed by
cashier Surdam, but serial number 876 is signed by
President J. J. Walker.
In 1902 James J. Walker became the 2nd bank
president of The First National Bank of Forest City,
after having been active in its organization and being
elected a director of the institution. Mr. Walker was
born in Carbondale, PA on September 29, 1866. In
1884 he became connected with the Hillside Coal and
Iron Company working as chief clerk. In 1892 he
married Winifred Fleming. After T. A. Surdam
resigned at the end of 1904, James J. walker
relinquished the bank presidency to John Lynch and
on January 1, 1905 became cashier. Mr. Walker
remained cashier of the bank until early 1926. He died
suddenly on March 29, 1926 at 59 years of age in
Forest City. Most of Mr. Walker?s information was
collected from his obituary, which appeared in The
Tribune newspaper in Scranton on March 30, 1926.
Following the sudden death of J. J. Walker,
Thomas P. McCormick became acting cashier and on
June 17, 1926 was officially elected cashier. Mr.
McCormick was born on August 13, 1865 in Silver
Lake, NY and moved to Forest City in 1888. He was
postmaster of Forest City during the Woodrow Wilson
administration, and in addition to being cashier, was a
member of the firm T. P. McCormick and Brother,
Forest City Grocers. He served as cashier of the
bank until 1928, before becoming ill and passing on
August 7, 1928 in Carbondale, PA at the age of 62.
John Lynch became president of the bank on
January 1, 1905 and served in that capacity until 1927.
In 1928 he became cashier until the banks closing. Mr.
Lynch was born in 1860 and was a native of Wales.
He came to the US as a young man and first settled in
Carbondale, where he operated a general store for
many years, before moving to Forest City to join the
bank. Mr. Lynch died on December 20, 1952 in
Carbondale.
Atty. William John Maxey was the last president
of the bank. He was born July 22, 1863 in Lansford,
PA. He moved to Forest City in 1886, where he was
borough solicitor and also served as justice of the
peace, before being named sheriff of Susquehanna
County in 1900. He had also assumed proprietorship
of the Forest City News in October 29, 1896. Atty.
Maxey was president of the Vandling Silk Throwing
Co. and was an organizer and president of The First
National Bank of Forest City, serving from 1928, until
the banks closing. Mr. Maxey died in Carbondale on
November 28, 1946 at the age of 83 and is buried in
Forest City. Much of Mr. Maxey?s information was
gathered from his obituary, which appeared in the
Standard-Speaker newspaper in Hazleton, PA on
November 30, 1946.
William Pentecost first settled in the Forest City
area in 1864 when he opened a lumber mill by the
Lackawanna River. Lumbering was the largest
industry in the area until 1872, when an outcropping
of coal was discovered. The Hillside Coal and Iron
Company bought large tracts of land, and by 1872 the
first commercially profitable coal mining enterprise
Paper Money * March/April 2021 * Whole No. 332
139
was established. In 1888, the borough of Forest City
became incorporated. By 1900, when the bank opened
their doors, the population of Forest City rose to over
4,000 inhabitants. By the onset of the twentieth
century, silk manufacturing had also become a chief
industry in the area. By the Roaring Twenties? the US
Census had determined the resident population of
Forest City to be over 6,000. However, the Great
Depression hit the town hard, as the primary sector
of the economy, lumber and coal, were hardest hit.
The population slowly declined, as coal mining
came to a halt. Currently, the population is 1,800.
Sadly, The National Bank of Forest City did not fare
well after the depression either, going into
receivership on August 10, 1934.
In the balance of T.A. Surdam?s letter to his aunt,
he talks about the current coal strike in the area. He
writes, ?In regards to the strike, although our deposits
are larger than they would be if there was no strike,
(owing to the fact that people are laying their money
aside and not spending much of it), we have been
rather slow about making investments until things get
a little more settled.? Mr. Surdam is upset at how the
political cartoons in the New York papers depict poor
coal miners sitting in front of their broken-down
houses with his wife and kids dressed in rags. Mr.
Surdam tells his aunt ?The miners have really quite
respectable looking houses and their wives and
children are far from being in rags. I enclose a cartoon
which shows how the miners do not live.? In
researching, the United Mine Workers union struck on
September 17, 1900 for wage increases and better
working conditions in the anthracite coal district. The
mine owners, under pressure from Republican leaders
fearful of losing the White House, reluctantly made
concessions and the strike ended on October 29, 1900.
On November 6, 1900 republican William McKinley
defeated his democratic challenger, William Jennings
Bryan. After a speech on September 6, 1901 in
Buffalo, McKinley was assassinated by an anarchist
named Leon Czolgosz. He was executed the following
month.
Mr. Surdam ends the letter to his aunt by writing
?I am getting to feel quite at home and I feel
encouraged over the business?. Signing the letter
?Your loving True?. Appreciation goes to T. A.
Surdam for having the foresight to secure the very first
national note from this bank in the quaint town of
Forest City and to his family for preserving it in
pristine condition, along with the letter, for future
generations of collectors to enjoy.
Building from where The First National Bank
of Forest City ran its operations. Today it is
home to a liquor store.
Paper Money * March/April 2021 * Whole No. 332
140
Lyn Knight Currency Auct ions
If you are buying notes...
You?ll find a spectacular selection of rare and unusual currency offered for
sale in each and every auction presented by Lyn Knight Currency
Auctions. Our auctions are conducted throughout the year on a quarterly
basis and each auction is supported by a beautiful ?grand format? catalog,
featuring lavish descriptions and high quality photography of the lots.
Annual Catalog Subscription (4 catalogs) $50
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Currency... United States Large and Small Size Currency... National Bank
Notes... Error Notes... Military Payment Certificates (MPC)... as well as
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Mail notes to:
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We strongly recommend that you send your material via USPS Registered Mail insured for its
full value. Prior to mailing material, please make a complete listing, including photocopies of
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Whether you?re buying or selling, visit our website: www.lynknight.com
Fr. 379a $1,000 1890 T.N.
Grand Watermelon
Sold for
$1,092,500
Fr. 183c $500 1863 L.T.
Sold for
$621,000
Fr. 328 $50 1880 S.C.
Sold for
$287,500 Lyn Knight
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States Currency
The SPMC Bank Note History Project (Part 2)
?By?Mark?Drengson?
Project?Overview?
The?Bank?Note?History?Project?is?sponsored?by?the?Society?of?Paper?Money?Collectors?as?part?of?its?mission?
to?promote?the?study?and?appreciation?of?paper?money?and?related?financial?history.?The?purpose?of?the?
project? is? to? collect? and? organize? historical? information? related? to? U.S.? bank? notes? issued? during? the?
National?Bank?Note?Era?(1863?1935)?and?Obsolete?Bank?Note?Era?(1782?1866).?The?project?is?focused?on?
two?of?the?primary?historical?aspects?of?these??Hometown??bank?notes:?The?Banks?that?issued?them,?and?
the?Bankers?who?signed?them.?
The?Bank?Note?History?Project?consists?of?two?online?components:?The?Banks?&?Bankers?Database?and?the?
Bank?Note?History?Wiki.?
The?Banks?&?Bankers?Database?includes?historical?data?on?all?14,348?National?Banks?that?were?chartered?
between?1863?and?1935.?It?also?includes?all?of?the?bank?Presidents?&?Cashiers?listed?in?the?OCC?reports?
from?1867?1935,?as?well?as?many?other?potential?bank?note?signers?(VPs?&?Asst?Cashiers).?Many?Obsolete?
Banks?and?Bankers?from?1782?1866?are?also?available?with?more?being?added?over?time.?A?Search?web?
page?provides?an?easy?to?use?search?interface?into?the?data.??
The?Bank?Note?History?Wiki? is?a?public,?crowd?sourced?website?(very?similar?to?Wikipedia)?for?creating?
and?organizing?historical?information?on?the?National?and?Obsolete?Banks?&?Bankers?from?1782?1935.?The?
primary?content?in?this?wiki?is?Bank?Histories?and?Banker?Biographies?for?bank?note?signers,?which?can?be?
linked?to?the?Banks?&?Bankers?Database?and?other?on?line?resources.?
Introduction?
In?Part?1?(in?the?May/June?2020?Paper?Money?Journal),?we?went?over?in?detail?how?to?use?the?National?
Bank?search?procedures?in?the?Banks?&?Bankers?Database,?and?showed?you?the?information?available?for?
each?bank.?We?also?gave?you?a?brief?overview?on?how?to?use?the?Bank?Officer?Search.?In?this?Part?2?article,?
we?will?provide?an?overview?of?the?Bank?Note?History?Wiki,?and?let?you?know?how?you?can?help?us?out?
with?historical?content?for?the?Wiki?and?Database.?
How?to?View?the?Bank?Note?History?Wiki?
On?the?SPMC?website?home?page?(spmc.org),?click?on?the?Bank?Note?History?Project?panel?to?go?to?the?
Project?s?home?page,?and?then?click?on?the?Bank?Note?History?Wiki?link?to?take?you?to?the?wiki?s?Main?page?
as?shown?in?Figure?1.?
You?do?not?need?to? login? to?the?SPMC?website?to?view?the?Bank?Note?History?Wiki? (like?you?do?when?
viewing?the?Banks?&?Bankers?Database).?This?is?a?Public?wiki,?so?anyone?can?view?the?information.?Users?
who?have?set?up?an?account?on?our?wiki?are?allowed?to?Add?new?pages?or?Edit?existing?wiki?pages.???
Tip:?As?a?shortcut,?you?can?also?get?to?the?wiki?s?Main?page?by?just?browsing?to?banknotehistory.com.??
Paper Money * March/April 2021 * Whole No. 332
142
Figure?1.?Bank?Note?History?Wiki?Main?page?(partial)?
As?you?can?see?looking?at?the?Main?page,?the?layout?of?our?wiki?is?very?similar?to?Wikipedia.?
Notice?three?important?navigational?aids?in?Figure?1?above:?
* The?Contents?box?provides?an?outline?with?links?to?each?topic?section?on?this?page.
* The?Sidebar?panel?to?the?left?is?included?on?every?page?in?this?wiki,?and?provides?links?to?other?primary
pages?in?this?wiki,?as?well?as?other?useful?links.?
* You?can?use?the?Search?box?in?the?upper?right?corner?of?every?page?to?search?and?list?links?to?all?pages?in
this?wiki?that?contain?your?search?text?(for?example?a?Charter#)?in?the?page?title?or?page?content.?
Sidebar?Links?
The?links?on?the?Sidebar?panel?are?organized?into?four?sections:?
* The?first?section?has?Primary?links?to?other?important?pages?in?this?wiki.?We?ll?go?into?more?detail?on
these?links?in?the?next?section.?
* The?Tools?section?has?links?useful?to?wiki?administrators,?and?also?to?users?when?editing?wiki?content.
* The?Project?Links?section?has?a?link?to?the?Bank?Note?History?Project?Home?page?on?the?SPMC?website,
and?also?a?link?to?the?Banks?&?Bankers?Database?Overview?page.?
* The?Sponsorship?section?has?a?link?to?the?SPMC?website?(spmc.org).
Paper Money * March/April 2021 * Whole No. 332
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Primary?Sidebar?Links?
* Main?page:?The?Main?page?gives?an?overview?of?the?Bank?Note?History?Project?components?and?how
you?can?help?with?contributing?content?for?the?wiki.?It?also?explains?how?the?content?licensing?works?and?
has?a?link?to?the?Acknowledgments?&?Sources?page.?From?any?page?in?the?wiki,?you?can?click?on?the?Main?
page?link?(or?the?icon?in?the?upper?left?corner)?to?go?directly?to?the?wiki?s?Main?page.?
* Project?News:?The?Project?News?page?will?be?updated?periodically?with?the?latest?news?on?the?Bank?Note
History? Project.?News? topics?will? include? new? features,?major? data? imports? into? the? Banks?&?Bankers?
Database,?and?other?relevant?news.?
* Featured?Notes:?A?Featured?Bank?Note?is?highlighted?on?the?Main?Page,?as?well?as?each?State's?Home
page,?with?links?to?the?Bank?History?page?and?Banker?Bio?pages?for?the?note?signers.?The?featured?bank?
notes?will?be?changed?periodically,?to?highlight?new?content?on?the?wiki.?The?Featured?Notes?sidebar?link?
will?bring?you?to?a?page?showing?current?and?past?featured?notes.?
* State?Home?pages:?State?Bank?History?Home?pages?can?be?set?up?that?focus?on?each?State's?National
and?Obsolete?Banks,?Bankers?and?Banking?History.?They?also?highlight?new?wiki? content? for? the?State,?
along?with?National?Bank?Stats?&?Graphs,?Famous?Banks?&?Bankers,?and?helpful?Research?Resources.?
Figure?2.?Minnesota?State?Home?page?(partial)?
Tip:?If?you?are?primarily?interested?in?one?state?s?Banks?&?Bankers,?you?can?set?up?a?Favorites?link?to?that?
State?s?home?page?in?your?browser.?
Paper Money * March/April 2021 * Whole No. 332
144
County?Bank?Note?History?home?pages?can?also?be?set?up?to?provide?information?on?the?Banks,?Bankers?
and?Bank?Notes?for?that?county?during?the?National?Bank?Note?Era?(1863?1935),?and?also?the?Obsolete?
Bank?Note?Era?(1782?1866)?(if?applicable?for?that?county).?County?home?pages?are?listed?on?their?State?
home?page?for?easy?access.?Your?local?County?Historical?Society/Museum?may?be?interested?in?adding?a?
link?on?their?website?to?their?County's?Bank?Note?History?home?page?in?our?wiki.?
* Bank?Histories?(Index?page):?The?Index?for?the?Bank?History?pages?in?this?wiki?is?organized?by?State,?and
then?alphabetical?by?Town.?See?Figure?3?below?for?an?example?of?a?Bank?History?page.?
Figure?3.?Bank?History?page?(partial)?for?the?First?National?Bank?of?Iona,?MN.?
Paper Money * March/April 2021 * Whole No. 332
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* Banker?Biographies?(Index?page):?The?Index?for?the?Banker?Biography?pages? in?this?wiki? is?organized
alphabetically?by?Last?Name.?See?Figure?4?below?for?an?example?of?a?Banker?Bio?page.?
Figure?4.?Banker?Biography?page?(partial)?for?Peter?A.?Gushurst,?President,?First?National?Bank,?Lead,?SD.?
* Other?Articles:?This?index?page?is?organized?by?State,?and?has?links?to?other?Bank?Note?History?related
articles?that?don?t?fit?into?the?Bank?History?or?Banker?Bio?topics.?See?Figure?5?below.?
Figure?5.?Other?Articles?index?page?(partial)?
Paper Money * March/April 2021 * Whole No. 332
146
How?You?Can?Help?with?the?SPMC?Bank?Note?History?Project?
The?Bank?Note?History?Project? is?a? long?term?project,?and?our?overall?goal? is? to?provide?a?good?online?
framework?to?gather?and?organize?this?historical?data?and?make?it?easily?available?to?users?and?easy?for?
users? to? add?more? bank? note? history? over? time.? If? you? would? like? to? help? us? with? this? project,? your?
assistance?would?be?greatly?appreciated!?
There?are?three?primary?areas?where?you?can?with?help?the?Bank?Note?History?Project:?
1. Help?us?gather?Basic?Banker?Information?for?as?many?bankers?as?possible,?including?Full?Name?(instead
of?initials)?and?Birth?&?Death?dates.?This?helps?us?tie?together?multi?bank?bankers?and?also?provides?a?good?
starting?point?for?further?Banker?biographical?research.??
2. Identify?Other?National?Bank?Note?Signers?not?in?the?Database,?including?VPs?and?Asst?Cashiers?as?well
as?Presidents?and?Cashiers?that?were?not?listed?in?the?OCC?reports.?
3. Help?us?add?more?Bank?Histories?and?Banker?Bios?to?the?Bank?Note?History?wiki.?Administrator?utilities
are?available?that?use?templates?to?automatically?create?Bank?History?and?Banker?Bio?pages?in?the?wiki,?
including?relevant?data?from?the?Banks?&?Bankers?Database.?This?basically?just?leaves?uploading?images?
(bank? postcards,? banker? photos? &? bank? notes),? expanding? the? Bank? History/Banker? Bio? section,? and?
'cleaning?up'?the?rest?of?the?page?text?as?needed.?Remember,?this?is?a?wiki,?so?a?page?doesn?t?have?to?be?
perfect?to?start?with!?Additional?Bank?History?and?Banker?Bio?information?can?be?added?over?time,?by?you?
or?other?users,?as?it?becomes?available.?Also,?you?don?t?have?to?worry?about?making?a?mistake,?or??breaking??
anything,?since?it?is?easy?to?undo?any?changes?that?have?been?made.?
Note:?We?have?recently?upgraded?the?wiki?software?to?the?latest?version.?One?of?the?new?features?is?the?
Visual?Editor,?which?works? like?a?word?processor? (i.e.?Microsoft?Word),? rather? than?directly?editing? the?
wikitext?source?like?before.?This?makes?it?much?easier?for?users?to?edit?wiki?pages?and?upload?images.?The?
'old'?way?of?editing?using?the?wikitext?editor?is?still?available?when?needed?for?more?advanced?editing.?
For?detailed?information?on?how?you?can?help?us,?see?the?How?You?Can?Help?link?on?the?wiki?sidebar.?
If?you?have?any?questions,?or?want?to?help?us?with?the?Bank?Note?History?Project,?please?contact?me?via?
email?at?admin@banknotehistory.com.?Thanks!?
Paper Money * March/April 2021 * Whole No. 332
147
Robert Calderman
Collectors had a very rare opportunity this
January when Heritage offered the ultimate five-
dollar red seal Legal Tender variety as part of this
year?s FUN currency auction. If you call yourself
a true five dollar small size variety collector, this
note is the ultimate trophy! A 1928E Fr.1530 H-
A Mule featuring back plate 629 graded Fine 12
by PMG. A note that in a not so savvy coin
dealer?s junk bin might have a price tag of around
$10, this treasured rarity sold for the incredible
bargain price of $1,020.00!!! How does a five
dollar note that looks like this sell for over one
thousand dollars? How can that possibly be
considered a bargain price!?! The three little
digits on the back of the note that comprise the
plate serial number hold the secret. Back plate
629 is the ultimate prize for five-dollar variety
collectors.
Plate #629 was certified on Dec. 29th, 1933(a)
it was the last back plate of the old gauge era and
was kept solely for reference. An out of date
format that had been retired, the last old gauge
plate that was used prior was Bp.575. Plates 576-
628 were produced yet never used, ultimately
cancelled in the Spring of 1937 (b). In an effort to
reduce spoilage, ?New Gauge? plates were
produced in order to increase left and right
vertical margin space between subjects. The very
first use on the presses of a new gauge plate was
plate #630 on January 11th, 1936 (c).
At this point in time, old gauge plates were
ancient history never to be seen again in
production. It was by complete happenstance that
while the infamous Bp.637 was being reentered
for refurbishing, Bp.629 was taken out of the
vault and put to press on November 17th, 1947 (d).
Nearly twelve years after the last old gauge plate
Collecting Notes that Shouldn?t Even Exist!
Paper Money * March/April 2021 * Whole No. 332
148
was on the press, miraculously 629 snuck into
action for the first time! An unexpected blunder
provided nearly three months on the press
producing 35,225 twelve subject sheets. These
would ultimately become the rarest 422,700 five
dollar mules ever to exist! Since backs are always
printed first, these 629 sheets marinated for a time
anticipating their future faces. The stars were
aligned in heavenly proportions to somehow gift
collectors with three different seal color varieties!
Bp.629 can be found on Silver Certificate blue
seals, Legal Tender red seals, and even Federal
Reserve note green seals!
This rare plate number is most often seen on
series of 1934C $5 Silver Certificates on the N-A
block. While these are considered type notes for
the variety, they are not at all considered common
notes with a just 14 examples currently certified
in all grades by PMG. Likely as many as 50-75
N-A block examples have survived circulation
allowing the realistic possibility for collectors to
add an example to their holdings. The 34C SC M-
A block is a different story entirely with only 2
examples certified by PMG on this rare block!
Just a single 1934C silver certificate star is
known, it is the only star to have ever surfaced!
No other stars have been discovered for any of the
three possible types. For red seals, Bp.629 can
only be found on series of 1928E H-A block
Legal Tenders. PMG has certified only 4
examples in all grades making our featured note
pictured here an amazing trophy note regardless
of its well-loved condition! Federal Reserve
notes are also extreme rarities for Bp.629. They
can be found only on series of 1934C Feds and
are possible on all twelve districts, yet incredibly
in over 50yrs on collector?s radar only four
individual districts have been observed
comprising a total of only 9 notes in the current
census. If you previously have not been on the
lookout for Bp.629 burn these three numbers into
your brain my friends and go hunting!
Do you have a great Cherry Pick story that
you?d like to share? Your note might be featured
here in a future article and you can remain
anonymous if desired! Email scans of your note
with a brief description of what you paid and
where it was found to: gacoins@earthlink.net
Sources:?(a)(b)(c)(d)?Huntoon: The enduring allure of
$5 Micro Back Plates 629 and 637 (Paper Money
Sep/Oct 2015 Whole No. 299.
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149
The Obsolete Corner
The Blackstone Canal Bank
by Robert Gill
Hello paper money lovers. By the time you read this article Spring time will almost be
upon us. The previous year will definitely go down in this earth's history as one that was quite
devastating to mankind. But hopefully, all of us will rebound from what we have had to go thru.
But one thing is for sure, it was a good year for me as far as my paper money desires go. I was
able to acquire a few very nice, rare sheets to help quench my desire to add to my collection. I'm
hoping that during this year each of us will be able to achieve our goal that we set for our
wonderful hobby. And now, let's look at the sheet that I've chosen to share with you in this
article.
In this issue of Paper Money, I'd like for us to go to the state of Rhode Island and look at a
sheet that I was very fortunate to acquire several years ago. And that is on The Blackstone Canal
Bank. As I've went to shows and searched the auctions that have been conducted over the years,
notes on this institution seem to be virtually non-existent. And in sheet form, I thought I would
never see one. I was quite surprised when it came my way.
Because local merchants had profited greatly from expanded trade with towns around the
area, and throughout the County of Worchester, Providence, Rhode Island, realized the need for
another bank in the area. The Blackstone Canal Bank was organized by some of the city's most
prominent businessmen, including members of the Brown and Ives families. It received its
charter on January 18th, 1831.
Nicholas Brown served as the institution?s first president, and Thomas B. Fenner was
cashier. In 1841, John Carter Brown succeeded his father as president.
The Bank was to infuse much needed capital into the newly constructed Blackstone Canal.
The waterway project, which ran forty-five miles from Providence to Worcester, had cost much
more than the $400,000 originally projected, and its toll receipts were low. Initially, half of the
Bank?s $250,000 capitalization was to be invested in the stock of the canal, and canal
stockholders were given the privilege of investing in the new banking institution. However, by
1833, the Bank began distancing itself from its financially-stricken partner. And in 1834, the
Directors were given permission by the General Assembly to sell off its shares of canal stock.
In 1836, the Bank moved into the former offices of The Bank of the United States in
Providence. And in 1850, it moved into a newly constructed edifice at 20 Market Square, known
as the What Cheer Building. Some of the structure?s foundation stones were taken from the
canal itself. It appears in historical records that the Bank occupied this address for the rest of its
existence.
In 1865, The Blackstone Canal Bank was granted Federal Charter #1328, and reorganized
as The Blackstone Canal National Bank of Providence.
So there's the limited amount of history that I have been able to uncover in my research of
this institution's activities. If anyone has any more information, I sure would like to hear from
you.
As I always do, I invite any comments to my cell phone (580) 221-0898, or my personal
email address robertgill@cableone.net
So, until next time.... HAPPY COLLECTING.
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The front of the Type-40 Treasury note endorsed by Capt. Griff P. Theobald, Assistant Quarter Master
image: W. Crutchfield Williams, II
Capt. Griff P. Theobald, AQM
Enterprise, Mississippi
An extremely rare endorsement (R14, two
known) initially appeared to be an ordinary Assistant
Quartermaster doing his job at his post in Enterprise,
Mississippi. But Mississippi is not a monolithic
culture as many Northerners might assume, and it has
a fascinating history. Some of that history came to
life with the blue ink endorsement of Capt. Griff P.
Theobald, AQM, which reads:
?Paid out Nov 29th 1862
G P Theobald
AQM CSA?
History converged on Enterprise, Mississippi, in
unexpected ways with famous Southerners and a
Northern businessman as characters in this story. The
history of Captain Griff Theobald and Private
Newton Knight are interleaved in surprising ways.
1861 THEOBALD: The story begins at Camp
Burnett on September 14th, 1861 with Griff P.
Theobald, aged 32 years, as he was elected by the
men of Company D to the rank of 2nd Lieutenant.
This was the 4th Regiment of the Kentucky Mounted
Infantry. By October 19th he had been appointed as
Capt. & AQM of the regiment, a likely testament to a
good education.
KNIGHT: On August 17th Newton Knight,
aged 25 years and born in Jones County, Mississippi,
enlisted as a Private, reporting to Capt. James L.
Sansom?s Company H in the 8th Regiment
Mississippi Volunteers.1
1862 THEOBALD: At the end of March
Theobald spent $10.50 on a sabre for his personal
use, purchased from Lt. Moses Hannibal Wright, an
ordnance officer at the Nashville Arsenal in
Tennessee. A man of deep devotion to the common
good, as Theobald would also prove to be, Lt. Wright
would soon move this arsenal to Atlanta, Georgia,
The back of the Type-40 Treasury note with the
November 29th, 1862 endorsement by Capt. Griff P.
Theobald, AQM. image: W. Crutchfield Williams, II
The Quartermaster Column No. 17
by Michael McNeil
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152
and become its commander, eventually rising to the
rank of Colonel. The record for Theobald is sparse
until August 22nd, 1862, when Gen?l Braxton Bragg
issued Special Order No. 160 at Chattanooga,
Tennessee, assigning Theobald to duty at Enterprise,
Mississippi. A voucher for postage and the expenses
of his quarters confirmed that Theobald had arrived
in Enterprise in September. The illustrated Treasury
note was endorsed by Theobald in late November.
KNIGHT: On May 13th at Quitman,
Mississippi, Knight joined Company F as a 4th
Sergeant in the 7th Battalion Mississippi Volunteers
and was detailed in September and October as a
Provost Guard (a guard of prisoners).2 Knight was
later reported ?absent without leave, lost on retreat
from Abbeville? following the defeat at the Second
Battle of Corinth in October.3
1863 THEOBALD: The Quartermaster General?s
office in Richmond sent questionnaires to their post
quartermasters in an effort to maintain some control.
A quartermaster assigned to a post did not
accompany a unit into battle; they managed the
production of military goods. Theobald?s response to
one of these questionnaires opens a window on the
activities of a post quartermaster. On September 12th
at Enterprise he wrote:
I was first assigned to duty at this post
by Gen?l Bragg and assumed the duties on 1st
Sept. 1862. ...I have under my charges a wagon
shop making ten wagons and four ambulances per
week, a shoe shop making one hundred pairs
shoes per week, a hat shop making, when material
can be had, about two hundred hats per week. I
have also been manufacturing clothing.... I can
make one thousand suits per week in addition to
the duties named within. I do all things
appertaining to this dept which comes before me
for the good of the Service.
Take careful note of that last phrase ?...for
the good of the Service.? Theobald here means that
he is not engaged in other private business, a practice
sometimes seen with other quartermasters. By itself it
is not all that remarkable, but we will see that it fits
the character of a man who puts aside his self interest
for the common good of the Confederacy, a true
public servant.
KNIGHT: In March Knight?s unit reported
that he was ?present, in arrest.?4 And by June 30th he
was reported ?absent without leave.?5 On October 5th
Major Amos McLemore was shot and killed at
Ellisville, Mississippi, Jones County, very likely by
Newton Knight and his band of civilians and military
deserters after having suffered death and destruction
to their homes and community by the Major?s
command. On October 13th civilians of Jones,
Jasper, Covington, and Smith Counties, under the
leadership of Newton Knight, formed a military unit
named the Jones County Scouts, seceded from the
Confederate States, pledged their loyalty to the
Union, raised the Unon flag over the Jones County
Courthouse at Ellisville, and named it the Free State
of Jones. From late 1863 to early 1865 they fought
fourteen skirmishes with Confederate forces.6
1864 THEOBALD: In February Union advances
forced the abandonment of 15,000 bushels of corn
and 35,000 feet of lumber in Enterprise, all due to a
lack of transportation, and these supplies were
destroyed or taken. Vouchers in Theobald?s file
confirm that he returned to his duties in Enterprise in
March.
The War Department issued a circular in
mid-1864 which required officers to describe their
qualifications and duties. Responses to these circulars
sometimes yield the only good information we have
Newton Knight image: By Unknown
photographer ? Mississippi History Now, Public Domain,
commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=26462823
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153
about some of the quartermasters. Capt. Theobald
responded with some notable comments on July 18th:
1st [By what authority were you assigned to
duty] By order of Gen?l Bragg, and continued by
Lt. Gen?l Pemberton. Now acting under order of
Major S. Mims Chief Qr Mr State of Miss. Order
of Lt. Gen?l Pemberton and Maj. L. Mims lost in
retreat on approach of Enemy in Feby last.
2nd [Duties performed] Depot Purchasing.
Post and Transportation duties. In the purchase &
exchange of cotton yarns & domestic for wool.
The purchase of leather, shoes, jeans and all other
stores pertaining to Quarter Master?s Dept. I
would further state that in past six weeks I have
obtained in my district thirty thousand pounds of
wool by purchase and exchange. District
composed of the following Counties, viz, Clarke,
Jasper, Smith, Covington, Jones, Perry, Wayne,
Green, Hancock, Harrison, & Jackson (eleven).
3rd [Employees] Report Form 3 enclosed....
4th [Contracts...] ...I would respectfully state
that I have only the Shoe Contracts amounting to
fifteen hundred pairs shoes per month.
5th [Prices paid for all supplies, whether
procured by impressment or in open market] All
supplies received by exchange and by purchase in
open market, regulated by the Scale of Prices
adjusted by State Commissioner.
6th [Office hours for self & employees]
From May 1st to Sept. 30th from 7am to 6pm;
from Oct. 1st to April 30th from 8am to 4pm about
ten hours occupied in performance of duties.
7th [Number of horses to each staff officer
and employee to which Forage is issued ?
whether there are any which have been
impressed for Government use in possession of
officers, if so, when and how obtained, by whose
authority....] Forage issued for one staff officer
for one horse Capt. Josh Bartlett ACS. No horse
has been impressed for the use of or been used
by any GOVT officer or employee at this post.
(emphasis by Theobald)
In submitting the above I would
respectfully state that if funds could be promptly
furnished much now could be accomplished in the
way of purchases. But the people have been
greatly imposed on in this State. Agents
pretending to be acting for the Govt have done
much to destroy the confidence of the people and
in many instances they refuse to take vouchers [in
lieu of cash], whereas a prompt payment by the
officers of the Govt would bring about a feeling
of confidence which would be of infinite service
to the Govt. Much more would be...obtained
which now goes into the hands of speculators....
Note my emphasis of the phrases in red
italics. All four counties in the Free State of Jones
were a part of the district managed by Capt.
Theobald. He cannot have been ignorant of the 1863
act of secession by Newton Knight, and he does not
mention it but rather appears to plead the case to
address the issues which brought about the act of
secession. This is a remarkable document which I
shared with Professor John Stauffer, the Chair and
Professor of History of American Civilization at
Harvard University. Stauffer served as a mentor to
Gary Ross, the director of the recent movie, Free
State of Jones, 2016. Ross relates that Stauffer
insisted that he learn how to do original research in
addition to reviewing the existing literature in
preparation for the movie, and Ross immersed
himself in this research. In its quest for historical
accuracy, this movie is rare treat from Hollywood.
Theobald?s own emphasis of his words
stating that no horses had been impressed for
government use is also remarkable. In a letter of
instruction dated July 23rd, 1864 to Maj. Angus
Quaite, Chief Purchasing QM, Maj. L. Mims, the
Chief Quartermaster for the State of Mississippi,
advocated for impressment and military force:7
I am informed that there are large
quantities of leather & wool to be procured, all of
which you will endeaver to get, by purchase if
possible, otherwise by impressment. ... If it be
necessary at any time to have an armed force to
assist you in procuring any quantity of supplies
sufficient in these localities to ask for it, it is
believed it will be allowed furnished on your
application to the officer Comdg the nearest body
of troops.
1865 THEOBALD: The last record for Theobald
at his post was a report from him dated January 1865
in Enterprise, Mississippi.
He was paroled at Meridian, Mississippi, on
May 13th. Although the Journal of the Confederate
Congress lists Theobald with the rank of Major,8 no
documents signed by him up to and including his
parole document bear any other rank than Captain.
He may have been appointed, but his rank not
confirmed by the Congress before the end of the war.
Theobald?s keen focus on the value of
behavior which benefits the community, not just the
individual, is displayed in a letter of recommendation
dated August 12th, long after the end of the war, and
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154
addressed to Union Col. Henry M. Whittlesey, Chief
QM Dept. of Mississippi:
Colonel, I take pleasure in introducing to
your acquaintance the bearer Maj. G. P. Theobald
late Quartermaster of the late CSA. In my
intercourse with the major while receiving the
Q.M. property for which he was accountable I
found him working for the best interest of the U.
S. Govt in his desire to carry out the terms of the
surrender of this Department. Any favor which
you can do him will be highly appreciated and
reciprocated.
Mid-1870s KNIGHT: Newton Knight separated
from his white wife, Selena, and married Rachel, a
former black slave owned by his grandfather. The
children from both wives intermarried. Knight
supported three interracial communities and built a
school to educate them.
1922 KNIGHT: Newton Knight died in Jasper
County, Mississippi, at the age of 92 on February
16th, and contrary to Mississippi law, he was buried
next to Rachel. The altruistic epitaph on his grave
reads: ?He Lived For Others?
Theobald and Knight both clearly believed in
the value of the community interest and rejected self-
interest. In their own way, they both served their
communities well. The tension between the common
good of the community and individual liberty is a
defining feature of American society to this day.
Enterprise, Mississippi N. B. FORREST:
In December of 1864 Gen?l Nathan Bedford Forrest,
a man with a profound understanding of human
nature, defeated a Union artillery battery and released
its commanding officer and the men of his unit on
their own recognizance and honor within Enterprise,
Mississippi. The Union commander wrote many
favorable anecdotes of the time he and his men spent
in the homes of Enterprise citizens. After the war, the
Union commander brought his family to live in
Enterprise, but later returned to the North after his
wife died of malaria. That Union commander would
go on to found the pharmaceutical giant which today
bears his name ? Ely Lilly.
? carpe diem
Notes and References:
1. National Archives files for Newton Knight, 8th Regiment Mississippi Volunteers, page 2.
2. National Archives files for Newton Knight, 7th Battalion Mississippi Volunteers, pages 2 and 3.
3. Ibid, page 4.
4. Ibid, page 5.
5. Ibid, page 6.
6. There are two excellent modern accounts of the Free State of Jones:
Jenkins, Sally, and Stauffer, John. The State of Jones, Anchor Books, New York, 2010.
Bynum, Victoria E. The Free State of Jones, The University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 2001.
7. Quartermaster Column, Paper Money, January/February 2021, Maj. Angus G. Quaite, Chief Purchasing QM in Mississippi.
See also The State of Jones, p. 187, referring to ?The rebel quartermaster for Mississippi and east Louisiana [Mims?]....?
8. Wyllie, Arthur. Confederate Officers, PDF published by Arthur Wyllie, 2007.
Rachel Knight image: By Unknown
photographer ? Mississippi History Now, Herman Welborn
Collection, courtesy Martha Doris Welborn
Paper Money * March/April 2021 * Whole No. 332
155
Thoughts of a Vaccine Spring
As winter snows melt into spring, a lusty man?s
thoughts drift in sweet anticipation towards ? Covid
vaccines. Like many other people in the United States,
I?m languishing on some eligibility list set up by my
state government. Somehow, it?s like being stuck in a
very crowded airport terminal where the gate attendant
is droning on over a bad PA system: First Class,
Executive Platinum, Platinum Pro, OneWorld Blah
Blah?then on to the group numbers from one to
infinity. Meanwhile, I can only sit and wait. For the last
year and a half, I?ve played by the rules. I?ve masked
up, kept socially distant, even dealt with my in-laws
over Zoom (now that wasn?t so hard, was it?). But
when vaccine time finally comes, I swear I will cook
that stuff in a spoon myself and it shoot it up in a
Walgreen?s bathroom stall if I have to. I just want my
life back.
Surveying the wreckage wrought by the pandemic
is like inspecting the damage inflicted by a tornado here
in Oklahoma: you may encounter a row of pulverized
houses, but then one street over everything looks fine.
The global pandemic has pounded the economy here
and elsewhere, but in very specific ways. The results
can feel disorienting. I know that millions of people
have lost their jobs, while others adapted well enough to
working from home, clothed at least from the waist up
in front of their webcams. Yet financial markets have
continued to rise as if nothing was amiss, buoyed by a
sea of government-provided liquidity.
Likewise has it been for hobbyists. At first,
collecting seemed to shudder to a halt last spring when
the full implications of the pandemic became clear:
show after show was cancelled, club meetings
postponed, exhibitions closed to the public. Oh, you
could still enjoy your hobby all right, if only by gazing
forlornly at your albums in the safety and desperate
isolation of your own home. If you were a punk who
felt lucky or otherwise harbored a death wish, you could
always venture out to those very local coin and currency
shows that were still soldiering on. If that was the new
normal, it was a distinctly depressing one.
Still, people adapted in various and innovative
ways. Virtual meetings and presentations by Zoom or
Webex have become part of that new normal, and will
certainly endure after the pandemic recedes. Last
summer, the usual presentations of the Kansas City
IPMS went virtual. Through its new Educational
Program, the International Bank Note Society now
records monthly lectures and presentations and makes
them available on its YouTube Channel. The ANA?s
eLearning Academy is rapidly building out an
impressive catalog of webinars. Last but not least, by
the time this column appears your very own SPMC will
have gotten into the game by hosting its first online
program on February 27.
So, like the larger economy, the collectibles
business has chugged along. Though confined at home,
people still had money to spend. And spend they did!
Auction houses reported healthy volumes and higher
prices. An otherwise ordinary $20 bill with a Del Monte
sticker in the wrong place sold for an astounding 400
grand. At any time, an army of Redditors may discover
the collector?s equivalent of ?stonks.? And, if you can
sort through the dross, eBay is always there for
collectors of any budget.
If there are proverbial canaries in this coal mine, it
has to be the economic fortunes of the two major
grading conglomerates, Collectors Universe (CLCT)
and Certified Collectibles Group (CCG). Both are doing
fine. CLCT, a publicly-traded company, saw its share
price jump six-fold since February 2020, making it a
juicy buyout target for private equity investors led by,
of all people, a sports card fanatic. To a certain kind of
numismatic snob, this has got to be a galling prospect.
Yet this wasn?t a one-off thing: CCG, its privately-held
competitor, has most recently established a new
affiliate, Certified Sports Guaranty (CSG) to grade and
authenticate your stray Honus Wagner cards.
At a certain level, this is all just biz, but the
question still remains: is it healthy for collecting that all
of this is even possible in the midst of a pandemic? Like
the equities markets, which have thrived even as the
real economy has tanked, is there not an unsettling
disconnect between the robust auction results at Stack?s
Bowers or Heritage, and the reality that, for everyday
collectors, their hobby is in a quarantined-induced
coma? Once fortified with vaccines, we may return to
in-person gatherings, and the year 2020 will recede in
our memories as a traumatic, but temporary interlude.
Temporary, that is, as long as we are nimble enough to
stay one step ahead of a mutating virus.
Chump Change
Loren Gatch
Paper Money * March/April 2021 * Whole No. 332
156
The Society of Paper Money
Collectors was organized in 1961 and
incorporated in 1964 as a non-profit
organization under the laws of the
District of Columbia. It is
affiliated with the ANA. The
Annual Meeting of the SPMC is
held in June at the International
Paper Money Show. Information
about the SPMC, including the
by-laws and activities can be
found at our website--
www.spmc.org. The SPMC does
not does not endorse any dealer,
company or auction house.
MEMBERSHIP?REGULAR and
LIFE. Applicants must be at least 18
years of age and of good moral
character. Members of the ANA or
other recognized numismatic
societies are eligible for membership.
Other applicants should be sponsored
by an SPMC member or provide
suitable references.
MEMBERSHIP?JUNIOR.
Applicants for Junior membership
must be from 12 to 17 years of age
and of good moral character. A parent
or guardian must sign their
application. Junior membership
numbers will be preceded by the letter
?j? which will be removed upon
notification to the secretary that the
member has reached 18 years of age.
Junior members are not eligible to
hold office or vote.
DUES?Annual dues are $39. Dues
for members in Canada and Mexico
are $45. Dues for members in all
other countries are $60. Life
membership?payable in installments
within one year is $800 for U.S.; $900
for Canada and Mexico and $1000
for all other countries. The Society
no longer issues annual membership
cards but paid up members may
request one from the membership
director with an SASE.
Memberships for all members who
joined the Society prior to January
2010 are on a calendar year basis
with renewals due each December.
Memberships for those who joined
since January 2010 are on an annual
basis beginning and ending the
month joined. All renewals are due
before the expiration date, which can
be found on the label of Paper
Money. Renewals may be done via
the Society website www.spmc.org
or by check/money order sent to the
secretary.
WELCOME TO OUR NEW MEMBERS!
BY FRANK CLARK
SPMC MEMBERSHIP DIRECTOR
NEW MEMBERS 01/05/2021
15204 David Clayton, Website
15205 Roger Gudith, (C), Website
15206 Richard Melamed, Website
15207 Guyon Turner, Website
15208 Robert Mitchell, Tom Denly
15209 Marvin Mericle, Website
15210 Joseph Alonso, Website
15211 Tim Frisch, Website
15212 David O'Hanlon, Website
15213 Neil Marron, Pierre Fricke
15214 Glenn J. Meredith, Website
REINSTATEMENTS
None
LIFE MEMBERSHIPS
None
NEW MEMBERS 02/05/2021
15215 Jeff Culver, Robert Calderman
15216 James Callinan, Website
15217 Linwood Watson, Tom Denly
15218 Allen Martin, Tom Denly
15219 Hrvoje Miljan, Website
15220 James Birdsall, Don Kelly
15221 Eron McCormick, PMG
15222 John Heberger, Bill Litt
15223 Rex Nelson, Frank Clark
15224 Michael Kisner, Tom Denly
15225 James Beauregard, Tom Denly
15226 Robert Pfaff, Website
15227 Todd Hirn, Don Kelly
15228 David Corcoran, Website
15229 Mohammad Saeed Iqbal, Website
15230 Tom Goffigon, Website
15231 David Verdine, Website
15232 William D. Choate, Gary Dobbins
REINSTATEMENTS
None
LIFE MEMBERSHIPS
None
Dues Remittal Process
Send dues directly to
Robert Moon
SPMC Treasurer
104 Chipping Ct
Greenwood, SC 29649
Refer to your mailing label for when
your dues are due.
You may also pay your dues online at
www.spmc.org.
Paper Money * March/April 2021 * Whole No. 332
157
U N C O U P L E D :
PAPER MONEY?S
ODD COUPLE
Joseph E. Boling Fred Schwan
More from Warrington
In the four issues that we have been looking at the
Warrington faker?s inventions, he has come up with
more than fifty new ones (counting both the artistic
overprints and the outright frauds?catalog-numbered
notes that he is replicating). That does NOT count the
fake polymer errors that he has been creating with
whatever solvents he is using. Never buy a polymer
?error? note from this seller?they are made in his lab.
He is still selling as citygroundhero-6, using the
name Irvin Santiago in Leicester, England; he is still
taking payments through PayPal into the account
of Sameir A?lseyuote, and he is still shipping from
S. Alseyo in Warrington, where he has now been
perched for several years. He must be having a hard time
restocking. He still runs about 105 lots a week, but
instead of salting them with 7-9 false pieces, he is now
running 19-23 illegitimate pieces weekly.
I will resume numbering at 100, following figure 99
that closed my last column.
Figures 100 and 101 are two more overprints on
modern Algerian notes. 100 was labeled ?National
Liberation Front Commemorative.? The listing for 101
named the president, who does not appear on the note.
Figure 102 is a fictitious WWII Bermuda
emergency issue. Either he had a damaged five-
shilling note, or we will see the other half of this piece
in a later sale. He has bisected the note and added a two
shillings six pence overprint, while obliterating the 5-
shilling counters. As a member posted on the IBNS
Forum, who believes that a colonial governor would
bisect the king?s head to make such a piece?
See Boling page 161
Ration checks
It was a long time ago. I think it was in the mid-1980s
at a Cherry Hill, New Jersey paper money show. I was
making my normal reconnaissance pass around the floor
when I saw it. An item that I knew from the first moment
would go home with me. It could be neither rare nor
expensive. I had never before seen one and I wanted it.
It was a spectacular, large, color World War II
magazine advertisement proclaiming ?Phoney Money!?
and featuring images of Japanese invasion money (JIM).
Even then I had a small collection of what I call World
War II numismatic advertising. This would certainly be
the highlight of my collection. The object of my desire
was at the table of a friend of mine. That seemed like an
advantage. Wrong.
Probably he had
me in mind when he
packaged it and took
it to the show.
Perhaps he even had
me in mind as his
target, er customer
when he bought it.
Certainly he had me
in mind when he
sealed it tightly with
a piece of cardboard
so that I could not
determine the
publication without buying it. I hardly said hello before
I asked to see the advertisement from his back table. I
was stunned when he told me the price. Clearly, I had to
decline. It was a crazy price for an advertisement. What
could I do? I think that you know what I did. Bought it.
Within a minute I removed the wrapping and found
that the advertisement was from Fortune. I hardly
noticed the advertiser. It was the graphic image of the
JIM that I liked. Jump forward to the Internet age. The
advertisement is even better than I had first recognized.
The advertiser was George La Monte & Son. George La
Monte was the inventor of check safety paper and the
company was the largest manufacturer of such! Now I
Figure 100 Figure 101 Figure 102
Paper Money * March/April 2021 * Whole No. 332
158
am a collector of World War II George La Monte & Son
advertising.
The company ran an extensive series of
advertisements during the war. As far as I can tell, the
advertisements appeared exclusively in Fortune. Of
course they are all of interest to us, being by a company
that manufactured check paper, but in addition to
?Phoney Money,? a few of them feature images and
information of interest for this series on World War II
checks. I have been waiting a long time to come up with
an excuse to introduce you to La Monte advertising!
The first advertisement in the series was on the
occasion of the firm?s 70th anniversary. It featured an
aerial view of the factory in Nutley, New Jersey and a
brief history of the company.
In 1871 Safety
Paper was invented
and introduced by
George La Monte.
At that time
?check raising? was
a serious menace to
the development of
the checking system
which was to play
so important a part
in the growth of
American banking.
? ? ? Then, and
through the
intervening years,
La Monte Safety
Papers have met and overcome the menace of check
forgery. They have provided the protection so
necessary to the free circulation of checks
throughout the nation. ? ? ? Through constant
research, experimentation, and improvements in
formulae and manufacturing methods, La Monte
Safety Papers have kept pace with increasing
demands for protection, and have been brought to
their present high standards of efficiency. ? ? ?
Today, La Monte Safety Papers are recognized as
?the standard of protection? for checks and other
negotiable instruments. They are used and endorsed
by business institutions from coast to coast,
including more than 75% of the nation?s leading
banks. ? ? ? When you specify La Monte Safety
Paper you are selecting a product which was not
only the first in the field but which has maintained
its leadership over a period of 70 YEARS. ? ? ? For
samples of La Monte Safety Papers made with
distinctive individual designs for banks and
corporations, have your secretary write: GEORGE
LA MONTE & SON, Nutley, New Jersey.
I now have more than 20 pieces (advertisements) in
my collection. They all came at much lower prices than
the first! Indeed, the cost of ?Phoney Money? would just
about cover the cost of all of the others. All of the others
that is except one?the most recent that I have
purchased. Just as with ?Phoney Money,? when I saw
this most recent one, I had to have it. Indeed, I had to
have it for this column!
The subject of the advertisement AND of the
column is World War II ration checks. I could not
believe it when I saw that piece on eBay. In the several
years that I had been pursuing George La Monte
advertising, I had never seen this one. There is no reason
that any particular advertisement should be
substantially more scarce than any other, yet there was
one I had never seen and that I must have.
These advertisements are not expensive when you
buy them on eBay these days. Ten dollars is a high price,
and of course there is always the problem of shipping
charges, but still there is always a selection at modest
prices. Usually they are available ?buy it now.? When
they are sold by auction, there is never a second bidder.
Of course you know what happened. We had a
bidding war on the La Monte ration checks
advertisement. Compared to national bank notes, gold
certificates, and even military payment certificates, it
was a modest price, but it was still 400% of the starting
price! Nonetheless, I am happy to present it to you here.
If you want one of these, I am confident that you can
find one on eBay by waiting and that you can get it for
less than I paid. The seller of the one that I bought is a
well-known collector of everything related to rationing,
which obviously is why he had the advertisement in the
1st place. I expect that the surprised underbidder wanted
it for the same reason. Are there any other George La
Monte Company collectors out there? We should start a
club.
The bonus for me is that the description of the ration
banking system in the advertisement summarizes the
system not only better than I could, but also provides a
great image of a set of checks and of La Monte paper!
RATION BANKING?a Vital New War-Time Service
Since Pearl Harbor, AMERICA?S BANKS have put
in millions of man-hours for Victory! ? ? And
though they have lost hundreds of thousands of
trained employees [to the armed services], they have
done an outstanding and indispensable job on War
Production Financing, War Bond Sales, Victory
Fund Drives, and Payroll Handling for War
Industries and our Armed Forces. ? ? And now,
Uncle Sam has turned to this nation?s Banks for
assistance in expediting the handling of America?s
far-reaching Plan for the rationing of essential
commodities. ? ? The result is RATION
Paper Money * March/April 2021 * Whole No. 332
159
BANKING?a
procedure which is
of inestimable
value to Retailers
and Wholesalers
and goes far
toward keeping the
entire Ration Plan
running smoothly
and efficiently. ? ?
This new service is
of vast magnitude.
It involves the
setting up within
the Bank of an
entirely separate
system of credit
and audit control and the collecting, recording, and
safeguarding of BILLIONS of Ration Stamps and
Coupons. ? ? Under this new system, stamps and
coupons are banked like money and Ration Checks
are drawn against deposits?just as Commercial
Checks are drawn against dollar deposits. ? ? And
because these Ration Checks require the same
degree of protection against alteration as dollar
checks, they are, in most instances, lithographed or
printed on La Monte Safety Paper!
Checks were issued for fuel oil, shoes, processed
foods, coffee, gasoline, and sugar. How many banks
issued ration checks? How many banks were there in the
United States? How many merchants had ration bank
accounts? Thousands of banks by tens of thousands of
merchants is a big number.
Who collects World War II ration checks? Good
question I think. Certainly members of the Society of
Ration Token Collectors, but members of the Society of
Paper Money Collectors? Even to the extent that SPMC
members collect checks, do they collect ration checks?
I only know one person who would characterize himself
as a ration check collector. I doubt if he has more than a
hundred pieces, but I must say all are really nice.
I collect national bank notes of Ottawa County,
Ohio. There were only three national banks in the
county. I have some checks from all three banks, but no
ration checks. I would love to have even one. What
would be a complete set? Oh my.
A collection of just one check from each of the then
forty-eight states would be a great and impressive
collection. Alaska and Hawaii checks were certainly
issued, but I have never seen or heard of any. Do you
want more? Canada had a very similar system. I have
not really looked for those yet, but I do have one from
Nova Scotia. I would have liked to save the Canadian
idea for another column, but I doubt I could fill a column
with what I could learn about Canadian ration checks.
I do have a few ration checks in my
collection. Nothing special. You can find ration checks
on eBay for about the same price as a George La Monte
& Son advertisement! I do know one place that you can
get a very cheap check to get you started. For a self-
addressed stamped envelope (132 E. Second St., Port
Clinton OH 43452), I will send you a free First National
Bank of Portland, Oregon ration check. Alternatively,
send me a dollar via PayPal (fredschwan@yahoo.com)
and I will do the same.
One of my favorite La Monte advertisements
combines war bond drives with a La Monte check. The
text from the advertisement tells you most of what you
need to know.
FIGHTING DOLLARS LAUNCHED THIS SHIP
When the people of Atlanta learned that their proud
namesake cruiser, the U.S.S. Atlanta, had been sunk
in the Solomons, they not only saw red?they saw
Red, White and
Blue. ? ? That
very day, they set
out to raise the
money for a
bigger and better
?Atlanta.? They
organized a War
Bond Drive
which will go
down in history.
In less than 60
days they raised
over $63,000,000
going way
beyond their
quota, with
enough left over
to build two destroyer escorts to accompany the
new Atlanta. ? ? The climax of this spectacularly
successful War Bond Drive?initiated by the people
Paper Money * March/April 2021 * Whole No. 332
160
of Atlanta and participated in by other loyal
Georgians?was the presentation to Secretary of the
Navy Knox of a token check for $63,397,897.50 by
John L. Conner, Chairman of the ?New Atlanta
Cruiser Committee.? ? ? And it?s not surprising that
this historic check was on La Monte Safety Paper
for a great majority of the Banks in the State of
Georgia use this product to safeguard against
alteration and counterfeiting the checks they
themselves issue and those they supply to their
depositors.
Of course there is at least a small twist to the story. The
committee issued an attractive certificate to participants
in the New Atlanta program. These certificates are
reasonably available and even modestly priced. The
certificate and advertisement make a great pair in my
collection.
Boling continued
Figures 103-104 are created on obsolete Burmese
notes. The first
is a poorly
rendered image
of an apparent
freedom fighter
holding a flag
and a torch. The
second is a coat
of arms
celebrating agriculture and industry (grain stalks and
part of a cogwheel). I have not identified the building.
Figures 105 and 106 are from Cambodia. The first
bears a coat of arms with seven soldiers, police, and
civilians, and was labeled ?commemorative issue.? The
second was labeled ?Khmer Republic
Commemorative.? The seals are identical in form except
for the replacement of the seven people with a
monumental building. Why anyone would
commemorate the Khmer period of Cambodian history
(remember the killing fields?) is beyond me. As I have
observed before, Mr. A?lseyuote does not seem to have
read his history lessons very closely.
For figure 107 he has printed the Ceylon coat of
arms used before 1972 onto the watermark window of a
1977-dated note. Any time you see an obliterated
watermark window from this seller, steer clear.
Figure 105
Figure 106
Figure 107 Figure 103
(upper)
Figure 104
(left)
Paper Money * March/April 2021 * Whole No. 332
161
Figures 108-111 are Chinese fantasies. In the 1930s
several notes from Western printers were overprinted
for use by other banks. Figures 108 and 109 attempt to
piggy-back on that practice. 108 (below)is a note of the
Bank of Communications overprinted (in inkjet?not
around in the 1930s) for the National Industrial Bank of
China. In addition to the technology error, the text of the
overprint runs the wrong direction for the period in
which it was allegedly used. The overprint of 109 is
illegible. The listing
says ?Central Bank
of China,? but that is
the underlying note.
The new title is not
mentioned, and the
inkjet fluid has run
together so badly that
only three characters
are barely legible?
not enough to
establish what the overprint was supposed to
accomplish. Figures 110 and 111 are more obliterated
watermark windows?one with Chairman Mao and the
other with Sun Yat Sen.
Figure 112, on a Colombian note, is another coat of
arms. This guy loves coats of arms? maybe because
you can copy an appropriate one right out of
Wikipedia.
The overprint on figure 113 is subtle. The
underlying note is from the Austro-Hungarian empire,
which was shattered by World War I. The overprint says
HIC MANE BIMUS O-PTIME. This is a fractured
(because of the overprint layout) rendering of a Latin
phrase ?Hic manebimus optime,? or ?Here will we stay,
optimally.? It has come to have the meaning ?This
will do,? or ?We?ll be comfortable here,? such as one
might say to an innkeeper upon being shown a room. It
turns out that the Italians occupying Fiume used the
expression, indicating that they were not planning to go
away. I have never seen nor heard of it used on a note in
that context, so I don?t know whether Warrington
dreamed up this use. Seems unlikely.
Figure 114 was labeled ?Military commemorative
issue.? It is a hand waving the French Tricolor.
Figure 110 Figure 111
Figure 109
Figure 108
Figure 112
Figure 113
Figure 114
Paper Money * March/April 2021 * Whole No. 332
162
Figure 115 sports another coat of arms over the
watermark window of a note from Ghana.
Figures 116-118 are a new batch of inkjet
fantasies on Greek notes. There were a few instances
following WWII in which Greek cities and regions
issued local currencies. Warrington has invented three
more of them, obliterating the main heading of a
national issue and inserting another name?in these
cases Kerkyra, Kalamata, and Peloponnesos (using a
letter (H) that does not exist in Greek). Of these three,
only Kalamata issued regional notes. No such notes,
from any jurisdiction, were overprinted on national
issues.
Figure 119 shows another coat of arms decorating a
watermark window?on a Guinea-Bissau note.
Figure 120 hides its watermark with a portrait of
Saddam Hussein, somewhat more handsome than
earlier ones from this source.
Figure 121 is an Italian note with a propaganda
message presumably supporting Giuseppe Mazzini?s
concept of an Italian republic. Mazzini was a 19th
century pre-unification politician who promoted such a
government. Since this note was circulating during
WWII, we might assume it was an anti-Fascist message.
If such a note existed then, it was not printed using
Warrington?s particular shade of inkjet maroon. Any
note from this seller with this color overprint is going to
prove spurious. He especially likes to use it for false
?specimen? markings.
Figure 115
Figure 116 (left)
Figure 117 (middle)
Figure 118 (bottom)
Figure 119
Figure 120
Figure 121
Paper Money * March/April 2021 * Whole No. 332
163
Figure 122?you guessed it. Another coat or arms,
from Jamaica.
Figures 123-128 are all copies of propaganda
leaflets, mostly of Allied origin, originally dropped on
Japan or Japanese-occupied territories. In no case did
the Allies print such messages over existing notes. All
such leaflets, if they had any connection at all to money,
were printed on clean paper on one side with the note
image on the other side. I am not familiar with the
messages of figures 126-7, but since they are inkjet
products, they cannot be genuine. Having never been
reported in the numismatic literature, I presume they
never existed with a banknote image on one side. Figure
128 did.
Here it is printed on the back of a Malayan $100
late-war JIM note; the original had an image of an earlier
Malayan $10 JIM note on the other side.
That is enough for now. I did not expect this series
to last a full year, but the guy in Warrington is prolific.
Figure 122
Figure 124
Figure 123
Figure 125
Figure 126 Figure 127
Figure 128
Paper Money * March/April 2021 * Whole No. 332
164
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Fr. 341 $100 1880 Silver Certificate
PMG Very Fine 30
New York
May 31, 1709 5s
Province of New Hampshire
December 25, 1734 Portsmouth
Merchants? Note 12d
Fr. NH-38.1.
PMG Choice Very Fine 35
From The Colonial Valley Collection
Continental Currency May 10, 1775 $20 CC-9
PMG About Uncirculated 55
From The Colonial Valley Collection
Fr. 1255a Milton 3R10.5 10? Third Issue
Choice About New
From The Tabacco Family Collection
Fr. 1352 Milton 3R50.8a 50? Third Issue Justice
PCGS Banknote Choice Uncirculated 64PPQ
From The Tabacco Family Collection
Fr. 2221-K $5,000 1934 Federal Reserve Note.
PMG Choice About Uncirculated 58
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